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Diplomacy & Politics Glossary
Every term you need — from Model UN procedure to international law, economics, and political theory. Clear definitions, real examples, and cross-linked concepts.
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1 entryA
29 entriesAbanindranath Tagore
Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951) was an Indian painter who founded the Bengal…
Abhinaya
Abhinaya is the codified system of expression in Indian classical dance and…
Abhinaya Darpana
The Abhinaya Darpana is a Sanskrit treatise by Nandikeshvara codifying the…
Act of 1786
The Act of 1786 was a British statute amending the Pitt's India Act of 1784 to…
Agro-Climatic Zones of India
Agro-climatic zones of India are regional divisions classifying the country by…
Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1918
The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 was a labour dispute between textile mill…
Aihole Temples
Aihole is a temple complex in Karnataka built between the 5th and 8th centuries…
Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram
The Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram is a 12th-century Chola Shiva temple in…
All India Forward Bloc
The All India Forward Bloc is a left-wing nationalist political party founded…
All India Home Rule League
The All India Home Rule League was an early-twentieth-century political…
Alvars and Nayanars
The Alvars and Nayanars were Tamil devotional poet-saints of South India,…
Amaravati School of Art
The Amaravati School of Art was a Buddhist sculptural tradition that flourished…
Amending Act of 1781
The Amending Act of 1781 was a British parliamentary statute that curtailed the…
Amir Khusrau (Music Contributions)
Amir Khusrau was a 13th-14th century Indo-Persian poet and musician credited in…
Anaimudi Peak
Anaimudi is the highest peak in South India at 2,695 metres, located in the…
Anaimudi Peak
Anaimudi is the highest peak in South India and the highest point in the…
Ankia Naat and Bhaona
Ankia Naat is a one-act devotional play in Brajavali created by Srimanta…
Antarala
Antarala is the small transitional vestibule in a Hindu temple that connects…
Antecedent Drainage
Antecedent drainage is a river system that predates the uplift of the land it…
Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon
The Arabian Sea Branch is one of two limbs of the Indian southwest summer…
Aravalli Range
The Aravalli Range is one of the world's oldest fold mountain systems,…
Ardhamandapa
The ardhamandapa is the entrance porch or vestibule of a Hindu temple that…
Article 15(3) Special Provisions for Women and Children
Article 15(3) of the Indian Constitution permits the State to make special…
Article 342 (Scheduled Tribes)
Article 342 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to specify, by…
Article 42 Just and Humane Conditions and Maternity Relief
Article 42 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to make provision for…
Arya Samaj
The Arya Samaj is a Hindu reform movement founded in 1875 by Swami Dayananda…
Arya Samaj and Dayananda Saraswati
Arya Samaj is a Hindu reform movement founded in 1875 by Swami Dayananda…
August Kranti Maidan
August Kranti Maidan is a public ground in central Mumbai where the All India…
August Offer of 1940
The August Offer of 1940 was Viceroy Linlithgow's wartime proposal promising…
B
33 entriesBahadur Shah Zafar II
Bahadur Shah Zafar II was the last Mughal emperor, reigning from 1837 until his…
Bani Thani
Bani Thani is a celebrated 18th-century miniature painting and portrait style…
Barbed Drainage Pattern
A barbed drainage pattern is one in which tributaries join the main river in a…
Bardoli Satyagraha
The Bardoli Satyagraha was a 1928 no-tax peasant campaign in Gujarat's Bardoli…
Basawan
Basawan was a Mughal court painter active under Emperor Akbar from the 1560s to…
Basohli School of Painting
The Basohli School is the earliest Pahari miniature painting tradition,…
Bay of Bengal Branch of the Southwest Monsoon
The Bay of Bengal branch is the easterly arm of the Indian southwest monsoon…
Bengal School of Art
The Bengal School of Art was an early twentieth-century Indian painting…
Betwa River
The Betwa is a peninsular river of central India that rises in the Vindhyas of…
Bhabar Belt
The Bhabar is a narrow porous belt of pebbles, gravel, and boulders deposited…
Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh was an Indian revolutionary and socialist who was executed by the…
Bhangar and Khadar
Bhangar and Khadar are two divisions of Indo-Gangetic alluvium, with bhangar…
Bhangra
Bhangra is an energetic Punjabi folk dance originating in the harvest…
Bhor Ghat
Bhor Ghat is a mountain pass in the Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats in…
Bhumija Shikhara
Bhumija shikhara is a North Indian temple superstructure type, a Nagara…
Bihu Dance
Bihu is a folk dance of Assam performed during the Bihu festivals, marking the…
Biogeographic Zones of India
India is divided into ten biogeographic zones, a classification framework…
Bipin Chandra Pal
Bipin Chandra Pal was an Indian nationalist leader, journalist, and orator,…
Birju Maharaj
Birju Maharaj (1938–2022) was the foremost exponent of the Lucknow gharana of…
Birsa Munda
Birsa Munda was a tribal leader and folk hero who led the Munda Ulgulan revolt…
Bishandas
Bishandas was a Mughal court painter active under Jahangir and Shah Jahan,…
Black Cotton Soil (Regur)
Black cotton soil, or regur, is a clay-rich, lime- and iron-bearing soil formed…
Black Cotton Soil (Regur)
Black cotton soil, known as regur, is a clayey, lime- and iron-rich black soil…
Black Soil Cotton Belt (Deccan)
The Black Soil Cotton Belt is the cotton-growing region of the Deccan Plateau…
Bonding and Bridging Social Capital
Bonding social capital refers to inward-looking ties within homogeneous groups,…
Boycott Movement (1905)
The Boycott Movement of 1905 was the organized Indian refusal to purchase…
Brahmaputra River System
The Brahmaputra is a transboundary river that rises in Tibet, traverses China,…
Brahmo Samaj
The Brahmo Samaj is a monotheistic socio-religious reform movement founded in…
Break in the Monsoon
A break in the monsoon is a temporary cessation or marked weakening of…
Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur
The Brihadeeswarar Temple is an early-11th-century Chola granite temple to…
Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur
The Brihadeshwara Temple at Thanjavur is an early-11th-century Chola Shiva…
Bundi School of Painting
The Bundi School of Painting is a Rajput miniature tradition from the Hadoti…
Burst of the Monsoon
The burst of the monsoon is the sudden, violent onset of the southwest monsoon…
C
50 entriesCabinet Mission Plan 1946
The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 was a British proposal for transferring power to…
Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946
The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 was a British proposal for a federal union of…
Carnatic Classical Music
Carnatic music is the classical music tradition of South India, organized…
Carnatic Music
Carnatic music is the classical music tradition of South India, structured…
Carnatic Trinity
The Carnatic Trinity refers to the three eighteenth-to-nineteenth-century…
Caste and Class Relationship
The caste and class relationship describes how India's ritual hierarchy of…
Caste as Closed Stratification
Caste is a closed system of social stratification in which membership is…
Caste Census
A caste census is the systematic enumeration of a population by caste identity…
Caste-Based Mobilisation
Caste-based mobilisation is the organised aggregation of caste groups into…
Casteism
Casteism is the practice of social discrimination, prejudice, and hierarchical…
Census of India 1881
The Census of India 1881 was the first synchronous, empire-wide enumeration of…
Census of India 2011
The Census of India 2011 was the fifteenth national census, enumerating a…
Census Towns
A census town is a settlement that lacks a municipal civic body but satisfies…
Central Assembly Bomb Incident (1929)
The Central Assembly Bomb Incident was the 8 April 1929 throwing of two…
Chalukya Temple Architecture
Chalukya temple architecture is a South Indian building tradition that fused…
Chamba Rumal
The Chamba Rumal is a hand-embroidered coverlet from the Chamba region of…
Chambal River
The Chambal River is a major tributary of the Yamuna in central India, rising…
Champaran Satyagraha 1917
The Champaran Satyagraha was Mohandas Gandhi's 1917 campaign in Bihar against…
Charter Act of 1793
The Charter Act of 1793 was a British statute that renewed the East India…
Charter Act of 1833
The Charter Act of 1833 was a British statute that renewed the East India…
Charter Act of 1853
The Charter Act of 1853 was British legislation renewing the East India…
Charvaka
Charvaka is an ancient Indian materialist and atheist school of philosophy that…
Chauri Chaura Incident
The Chauri Chaura Incident was the 4 February 1922 burning of a police station…
Chauri Chaura Incident 1922
The Chauri Chaura Incident was a 4 February 1922 clash in which protesters set…
Chennakeshava Temple, Belur
The Chennakeshava Temple at Belur is a 12th-century Hoysala-era Vaishnavite…
Cheraw (Bamboo Dance)
Cheraw is a traditional bamboo dance of Mizoram, India, in which dancers step…
Cheriyal Scroll Painting
Cheriyal scroll painting is a stylised narrative folk art from Telangana,…
Cherrapunji and Mawsynram Orographic Rainfall
Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, located on the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, receive…
Chhau Dance
Chhau is a semi-classical Indian dance tradition combining martial movement,…
Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years)
Child Sex Ratio is the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the population aged 0…
Chittagong Armoury Raid
The Chittagong Armoury Raid was an armed insurrection on 18 April 1930 in which…
Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930)
The Chittagong Armoury Raid was an April 1930 armed insurrection led by Surya…
Chola Temple Architecture
Chola temple architecture is the South Indian Dravidian building style…
Chota Nagpur Plateau
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a Precambrian shield plateau in eastern India…
Civil Registration System (CRS)
A Civil Registration System is the continuous, permanent, compulsory recording…
Classical Theory of Monsoon (Halley's Thermal Concept)
The classical theory of monsoon attributes seasonal wind reversal to…
Coffee Cultivation Belt (Karnataka)
The Coffee Cultivation Belt of Karnataka is the cluster of hill…
Committee on the Status of Women in India (Towards Equality Report 1974)
The Committee on the Status of Women in India was a government body constituted…
Communal Award 1932
The Communal Award was British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's 1932 decision…
Communal Violence
Communal violence is organized or spontaneous conflict between religious,…
Communalism
Communalism is the political mobilisation of religious community identity as…
Company School of Painting
The Company School of Painting was a hybrid Indo-European style of painting…
Composite Culture (Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb)
Composite culture, known in India as Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb, denotes the…
Consequent River
A consequent river is a stream whose course follows the original slope of the…
Coral Bleaching
Coral bleaching is the loss of symbiotic algae from coral tissue under…
Coriolis Force
The Coriolis force is an apparent deflective force, arising from Earth's…
Coromandel Coast
The Coromandel Coast is the southeastern coastal plain of peninsular India…
Cripps Mission 1942
The Cripps Mission was a March 1942 British attempt to secure Indian…
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The crude birth rate is the number of live births occurring during a year per…
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The crude death rate is the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 mid-year…
D
30 entriesDamodar River
The Damodar River is a 592-kilometre river of eastern India that rises in the…
Dandi March 1930
The Dandi March was a 24-day, 385-kilometre protest walk led by Mahatma Gandhi…
De-Sanskritisation
De-Sanskritisation is the process by which lower castes or groups abandon…
Decadal Population Growth Rate
Decadal population growth rate is the percentage change in a country's…
Deccan Riots (1875)
The Deccan Riots were an 1875 agrarian uprising by Marathi peasants in the…
Deccan School of Painting
The Deccan School of Painting is a distinct tradition of Indian miniature…
Deccan Trap
The Deccan Traps are a large igneous province of layered basaltic lava flows…
Demographic Transition Model
The Demographic Transition Model describes the historical shift of populations…
Demographic Window of Opportunity
The demographic window of opportunity is the period when a country's…
Dendritic Drainage Pattern
A dendritic drainage pattern is a tree-like network in which tributaries join…
Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)
Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes are Indian communities that were…
Dependency Ratio
The dependency ratio is the number of people aged under 15 and over 64…
Dhar Commission
The Dhar Commission was the Linguistic Provinces Commission appointed by…
Dharasana Salt Satyagraha
The Dharasana Salt Satyagraha was a nonviolent raid on the Dharasana Salt Works…
Dhauladhar Range
The Dhauladhar Range is a southern outer-Himalayan spur in Himachal Pradesh,…
Dhrupad
Dhrupad is the oldest surviving genre of Hindustani classical vocal music,…
Differential Heating Theory of Monsoon
The differential heating theory explains monsoons as seasonal wind reversals…
Dihang Gorge
The Dihang Gorge is the deep canyon through which the Brahmaputra River cuts…
Dilwara Jain Temples
The Dilwara Jain Temples are a complex of five marble Śvetāmbara Jain temples…
Dilwara Jain Temples
The Dilwara Jain Temples are a group of five marble Jain temples built between…
Do or Die Call (1942)
The "Do or Die" call was Mahatma Gandhi's exhortation delivered on 8 August…
Doddabetta Peak
Doddabetta Peak is the highest summit of the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu,…
Dominant Caste
A dominant caste is a caste that holds preponderant numerical strength,…
Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 is an Indian statute that criminalises the…
Drain of Wealth Theory
The Drain of Wealth Theory holds that British colonial rule systematically…
Dravida Style of Temple Architecture
The Dravida style is a South Indian temple architecture tradition defined by a…
Dryland and Rainfed Farming
Dryland and rainfed farming is crop cultivation dependent on precipitation…
Duns
Duns are longitudinal valleys formed between the Lesser Himalaya and the…
Duns and Duars
Duns are longitudinal valleys formed between the Lesser Himalayas and the…
Dyarchy under the 1919 Act
Dyarchy was the system of dual provincial government introduced by the…
E
7 entriesEastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of low, eroded hills running…
Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)
Eklavya Model Residential Schools are Indian government-funded residential…
El Nino Modoki
El Niño Modoki is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon marked by anomalous…
Elderly in India Report 2021
The Elderly in India 2021 is a statistical report published by India's National…
Endogamy
Endogamy is the social rule requiring marriage within a defined group such as a…
Equal Remuneration Act 1976
The Equal Remuneration Act 1976 is an Indian statute mandating equal pay for…
Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation (EQUINOO)
EQUINOO is an atmospheric oscillation over the equatorial Indian Ocean, defined…
F
8 entriesFemale Labour Force Participation Rate
The female labour force participation rate measures the share of working-age…
Feminisation of Agriculture
Feminisation of agriculture is the rising share of women in agricultural labour…
First INC Session, Bombay 1885
The First Indian National Congress session convened in Bombay from 28 to 31…
First Round Table Conference
The First Round Table Conference was a 1930–31 meeting in London convened by…
Flohn's Dynamic Concept of Monsoon
Flohn's dynamic concept attributes the Indian monsoon to seasonal latitudinal…
Forest and Mountain Soil
Forest and mountain soils are immature, often acidic and humus-rich soils…
Four Noble Truths
The Four Noble Truths are the foundational doctrine of Buddhism, asserting that…
Fourteen Points of Jinnah (1929)
The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were a set of constitutional demands framed by…
G
26 entriesGandhara School of Art
The Gandhara School of Art was a regional tradition of Buddhist sculpture that…
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed on 5 March 1931 between…
Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed on 5 March 1931 between…
Ganga River System
The Ganga River System is the largest drainage network in India, comprising the…
Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple is the early-11th-century Shiva temple built by…
Garba and Dandiya Raas
Garba and Dandiya Raas are devotional folk dances from Gujarat performed during…
Garbhagriha
The garbhagriha is the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple, a small windowless…
Gender Budget Statement (Statement 13)
India's Gender Budget Statement, Statement 13 of the Union Budget Expenditure…
Ghadar Movement
The Ghadar Movement was an early-twentieth-century revolutionary campaign…
Gharana
A gharana is a lineage-based stylistic school of Hindustani classical music or…
Ghazal
The ghazal is a lyric poetic form of rhyming couplets and a refrain,…
Ghoomar
Ghoomar is a traditional folk and community dance of Rajasthan performed by…
Giddha
Giddha is a vigorous folk dance performed by women of the Punjab region,…
Godavari River
The Godavari is the longest river of peninsular India, rising near Trimbak in…
Gond Painting
Gond painting is a tribal folk-art tradition of the Gond community of central…
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Indian liberal nationalist, economist, and Indian…
Gopuram
A gopuram is the monumental, ornamented gateway tower over the entrance of a…
Gotipua
Gotipua is a traditional dance form of Odisha performed by pre-adolescent boys…
Government of India Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)
The Government of India Act 1909, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, expanded…
Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms)
The Government of India Act 1919 was a British statute that introduced dyarchy…
Great Living Chola Temples
The Great Living Chola Temples are three 11th–12th century Dravidian temples in…
Greater Himalayas (Himadri)
The Greater Himalayas, or Himadri, is the northernmost and highest of the three…
Green Revolution in India
The Green Revolution in India was the late-1960s adoption of high-yielding seed…
Guler School of Painting
The Guler School of Painting is an 18th-century Pahari miniature painting…
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is a warm, swift western boundary current of the North Atlantic…
Gully Erosion and Ravines
Gully erosion is the advanced removal of soil by concentrated runoff that cuts…
H
10 entriesHamzanama
The Hamzanama is a 16th-century illustrated Mughal manuscript of fantastical…
Hasta Mudra
Hasta Mudra are codified hand gestures used in Indian classical dance and…
High Yielding Variety (HYV) Seeds
High Yielding Variety seeds are genetically selected crop strains that produce…
Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 made daughters coparceners by birth…
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was a revolutionary organization…
Hindustani Classical Music
Hindustani classical music is the North Indian system of art music built on…
Home Rule Movement
The Home Rule Movement was an Indian political agitation launched in 1916 by…
Homo Hierarchicus (Louis Dumont)
Homo Hierarchicus is Louis Dumont's 1966 structuralist theory holding that the…
Hoysala Temple Architecture
Hoysala temple architecture is a regional South Indian building style developed…
Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu
The Hoysaleswara Temple is a twelfth-century Shaiva temple at Halebidu,…
I
22 entriesICAR Soil Classification of India
The ICAR Soil Classification of India is a national scheme dividing the…
Idate Commission (DNT Commission)
The Idate Commission was a 2014 Indian government commission tasked with…
Ilbert Bill of 1883
The Ilbert Bill of 1883 was a British Indian legislative proposal to let Indian…
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986
The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986 is an Indian…
India Meteorological Department (IMD)
The India Meteorological Department is India's national meteorological service,…
Indian Arms Act 1878
The Indian Arms Act 1878 was a colonial statute that prohibited Indians from…
Indian Councils Act 1861
The Indian Councils Act 1861 was a British statute that reconstituted the…
Indian Councils Act 1892
The Indian Councils Act 1892 was a British statute that enlarged the…
Indian Home Rule League
The Indian Home Rule League was a 1916 nationalist movement led by Bal…
Indian Miniature Painting
Indian miniature painting is a tradition of small-scale, intricately detailed…
Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj)
The Indian National Army was an armed force of Indian prisoners of war and…
Indian Ocean Dipole
The Indian Ocean Dipole is an irregular oscillation of sea-surface temperatures…
Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (Sabarimala)
Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala is the 2018 Supreme Court…
Indigo Revolt (1859-60)
The Indigo Revolt was an 1859-60 uprising by Bengal peasants who refused to…
Individual Satyagraha
Individual Satyagraha was a limited civil-disobedience campaign launched by…
Individual Satyagraha 1940
Individual Satyagraha was a limited, symbolic civil-disobedience campaign…
Indus River System
The Indus River System is the transboundary drainage network of the Indus and…
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under one year of…
Intensive and Extensive Farming
Intensive farming maximizes output per unit of land through high inputs of…
Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979
The Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979 is an Indian central statute…
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone is the low-pressure belt near the equator…
Internal Migration in India
Internal migration in India is the movement of people across district, state,…
J
9 entriesJagati
A jagati is the raised platform or plinth on which a Hindu temple stands,…
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the killing of unarmed Indians by British…
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the killing of unarmed Indian civilians by…
Jati
Jati is the endogamous, occupation-linked local kinship group that constitutes…
Jharia Coalfield
Jharia Coalfield is a coal-bearing region in Jharkhand, India, that holds the…
Jhumming (Shifting Cultivation)
Jhumming is a form of shifting cultivation practised in Northeast India in…
Joseph Shine v. Union of India
Joseph Shine v. Union of India is a 2018 Supreme Court of India judgment that…
June 3 Plan of 1947
The June 3 Plan of 1947 was the British scheme, announced by Viceroy Lord…
Jute Cultivation Belt (West Bengal)
The Jute Cultivation Belt is the alluvial Ganga-Brahmaputra delta tract,…
K
39 entriesK2 (Godwin-Austen)
K2, also called Godwin-Austen, is the world's second-highest mountain at 8,611…
Kailasa Temple, Ellora
The Kailasa Temple at Ellora is an eighth-century monolithic Hindu temple in…
Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram
The Kailasanathar Temple is an early-eighth-century Pallava sandstone temple in…
Kakori Conspiracy 1925
The Kakori Conspiracy was the 9 August 1925 armed robbery of a government…
Kal Baisakhi (Nor'westers)
Kal Baisakhi are violent pre-monsoon thunderstorms that strike eastern India,…
Kalamkari
Kalamkari is a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile art of Andhra…
Kalasha
The kalasha is the crowning pot-shaped finial that surmounts the superstructure…
Kalbelia
Kalbelia is a folk dance of the Kalbelia snake-charmer community of Rajasthan,…
Kalighat Painting
Kalighat painting is a 19th-century Bengali popular art form of watercolour…
Kanchenjunga
Kanchenjunga is the world's third-highest mountain at 8,586 metres, straddling…
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is the largest and most ornate surviving Chandela…
Kangra School of Painting
Kangra painting is a Pahari miniature style that flourished in the Kangra hills…
Kangra School of Painting
The Kangra School is an eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Pahari miniature…
Karachi Session of INC (1931)
The Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress, held in March 1931,…
Karakoram Pass
The Karakoram Pass is a 5,540-metre mountain pass on the China–India watershed…
Karakoram Range
The Karakoram is a great mountain range in the Trans-Himalayan system of South…
Kathak Gharanas (Lucknow, Jaipur, Banaras)
Kathak gharanas are the three principal hereditary stylistic lineages of the…
Kaveri River
The Kaveri is a peninsular Indian river that rises in the Western Ghats of…
Kayal Backwaters
Kayals are the network of brackish lagoons, lakes, and estuarine channels…
Ken-Betwa Link Project
The Ken-Betwa Link Project is India's first river-interlinking scheme,…
Kerala Kalamandalam
Kerala Kalamandalam is a deemed-university institution at Cheruthuruthy,…
Keshava Temple, Somanathapura
The Keshava Temple at Somanathapura is a 13th-century Hoysala Vaishnava temple…
Khadar and Bangar
Khadar is the younger, fertile, flood-deposited alluvium of river floodplains,…
Khajuraho Group of Monuments (Chandela)
The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a complex of Hindu and Jain temples built…
Khap Panchayat
A khap panchayat is an unelected caste- or clan-based assembly of village…
Kharif and Rabi Cropping Seasons
Kharif and Rabi are India's two principal cropping seasons, defined…
Kharif Cropping Season
The Kharif cropping season in India covers crops sown with the onset of the…
Kheda Satyagraha
The Kheda Satyagraha was a 1918 no-tax campaign in Gujarat's Kheda district led…
Kheda Satyagraha 1918
The Kheda Satyagraha was a 1918 peasant campaign in Gujarat led by Mahatma…
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic political campaign in British India…
Kishangarh School of Painting
The Kishangarh School is an eighteenth-century Rajput miniature painting…
Kol Rebellion (1831-32)
The Kol Rebellion was an 1831-32 tribal uprising in the Chotanagpur plateau…
Konark Sun Temple
The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Kalinga-style temple in Odisha,…
Konkan Coast
The Konkan Coast is the central section of India's western coastal plain,…
Koodiyattam
Koodiyattam is a Sanskrit theatre tradition of Kerala, recognised by UNESCO in…
Koppen Climate Classification of India
The Köppen climate classification of India applies Wladimir Köppen's…
Kosi River
The Kosi is a major trans-boundary Himalayan river that rises in Tibet and…
Krishna River
The Krishna is peninsular India's second-longest river, rising in the Western…
Kriti
Kriti is a structured devotional composition in Carnatic music, organised in…
L
17 entriesLadakh Range
The Ladakh Range is a northwest-southeast trending mountain range of the…
Lakhpati Didi Scheme
The Lakhpati Didi Scheme is an Indian government initiative to enable rural…
Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho
The Lakshmana Temple is a Chandela-era Nagara-style sandstone temple at…
Lala Lajpat Rai
Lala Lajpat Rai (1865–1928) was an Indian nationalist leader, member of the…
Laterite Soil
Laterite soil is an iron- and aluminium-rich soil formed by intense leaching of…
Latina Shikhara
The Latina shikhara is a curvilinear, single-spired superstructure of the…
Lavani
Lavani is a Maharashtrian folk performance form combining rhythmic song,…
Lesser Himalayas (Himachal)
The Lesser Himalayas, or Himachal, is the middle of the three principal…
Level of Urbanisation
The level of urbanisation is the percentage of a population residing in urban…
Life Expectancy at Birth in India
Life expectancy at birth in India is the average number of years a newborn…
Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar
The Lingaraja Temple is an 11th-century Shaiva temple in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,…
Linguistic Reorganisation of States
The Linguistic Reorganisation of States is the redrawing of India's internal…
Long Period Average (LPA) of Rainfall
The Long Period Average of rainfall is the mean rainfall recorded over a fixed…
Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)
The Longitudinal Ageing Study in India is a nationally representative panel…
Loo (Hot Summer Winds)
The Loo is a hot, dry, gusty wind that blows over the northern plains of India…
Lucknow Pact (1916)
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Luni River
The Luni is the largest river of the Thar Desert, rising near Ajmer in…
M
46 entriesM. S. Subbulakshmi
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Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)
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Madhubani Painting
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Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism is a major branch of Buddhism that emphasizes the bodhisattva…
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Malabar Coast
The Malabar Coast is the southwestern coastal plain of India stretching from…
Malwa Plateau
The Malwa Plateau is a volcanic upland in west-central India, built of Deccan…
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A mandapa is a pillared, often open hall in Indian temple architecture that…
Mangal Pandey
Mangal Pandey was a sepoy of the British East India Company's 34th Bengal…
Mango Showers
Mango showers are pre-monsoon thunderstorm rains occurring in April and May…
Manipuri Dance
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Manjusha Art
Manjusha Art is a narrative folk-painting tradition of the Bhagalpur region of…
Margam
Margam is the structured concert sequence of classical Bharatanatyam, an…
Marwar School of Painting
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Mascarene High
The Mascarene High is a semi-permanent subtropical high-pressure cell over the…
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
The Maternal Mortality Ratio is the number of maternal deaths during a given…
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act 2017
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Mathura School of Art
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Median Age of India
India's median age—the age dividing its population into two numerically equal…
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021
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Meghalaya Plateau
The Meghalaya Plateau is a detached northeastern block of the Indian Peninsular…
Melakarta Raga System
The Melakarta system is a Carnatic music scheme that classifies 72 parent…
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Million-Plus Cities (Census Definition)
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Mission Shakti
Mission Shakti is an Indian government umbrella scheme launched in 2021 to…
Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum
Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985) was a landmark Indian Supreme Court…
Monsoon Trough
The monsoon trough is a low-pressure zone of converging winds over the Indian…
Montagu Declaration of 1917
The Montagu Declaration of 1917 was a British statement promising the gradual…
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were constitutional changes introduced by the…
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919
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Moplah Rebellion 1921
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Morley-Minto Reforms
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Morley-Minto Reforms 1909
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Mountbatten Plan 1947
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Mridangam
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Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan)
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Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act 2019
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Muthuswami Dikshitar
Muthuswami Dikshitar was an early-nineteenth-century South Indian composer who,…
Mysore Painting
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N
24 entriesNagara Style of Temple Architecture
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Nagpur Session of INC (1920)
The Nagpur Session of the Indian National Congress, held in December 1920,…
Nainsukh of Guler
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NALSA v. Union of India (2014)
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Nanda Devi
Nanda Devi is a 7,816-metre twin-peaked Himalayan mountain in Uttarakhand,…
Nari Adalat
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Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam
The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam is India's 106th Constitutional Amendment Act…
Narmada River
The Narmada is a west-flowing peninsular river in central India that rises at…
Nathu La
Nathu La is a 4,310-metre Himalayan mountain pass on the India–China border in…
Nathu La Pass
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National Commission on Population
The National Commission on Population is an Indian apex advisory body,…
National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
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National Policy for the Empowerment of Women 2001
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Navarasa
Navarasa is the canonical set of nine emotional states or aesthetic flavours…
Nehru Report of 1928
The Nehru Report of 1928 was an Indian-authored constitutional blueprint that…
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The Nilgiri Hills are a mountain range in southern India where the Western and…
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The Noble Eightfold Path is the Buddhist programme of eight interconnected…
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Norman Borlaug was an American agronomist whose high-yielding dwarf wheat…
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The Northeast Monsoon is the seasonal reversal of winds over the Indian…
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Nyaya is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, founded on a…
O
4 entriesOcean Salinity
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One Stop Centre Scheme (Sakhi)
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P
44 entriesPacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped belt of intense seismic and…
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The Padshahnama is the official illustrated court chronicle of the Mughal…
Pahari School of Painting
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Pakhawaj
The pakhawaj is a two-headed barrel-shaped drum of North India, played…
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The Palghat Gap is a low mountain pass roughly 24–30 km wide in the Western…
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Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
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Partition of Bengal 1905
The Partition of Bengal 1905 was Viceroy Lord Curzon's administrative division…
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Pattachitra is a traditional cloth-based scroll painting from Odisha and West…
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Peaty and Marshy Soil
Peaty and marshy soils are dark, acidic, organic-rich soils formed in…
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The Peninsular River System comprises India's older, mostly non-perennial…
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The Periyar is the longest river in Kerala, flowing westward for about 244…
Phad Painting
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Population Pyramid
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Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana is India's centrally sponsored conditional…
Prarthana Samaj
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Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act 1994
The PCPNDT Act 1994 is an Indian law that prohibits sex selection and regulates…
Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship for SC Students
The Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarships for SC Students are centrally…
Prince of Wales Boycott (1921)
The Prince of Wales Boycott was a nationwide hartal and demonstration organised…
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Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013
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Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 is an Indian statute that punishes the…
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
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Purandara Dasa
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Purity and Pollution
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Purvanchal Hills
The Purvanchal Hills are the eastern arm of the Himalayan system that curves…
Push-Pull Theory of Migration
The push-pull theory explains migration as the combined effect of adverse…
Q
2 entriesR
31 entriesRabi Cropping Season
The rabi cropping season is the Indian winter agricultural cycle in which crops…
Rabindra Sangeet
Rabindra Sangeet is the corpus of roughly 2,230 songs composed by Rabindranath…
Radcliffe Boundary Commission of 1947
The Radcliffe Boundary Commission of 1947 was the British body that demarcated…
Radial Drainage Pattern
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Ragam Tanam Pallavi
Ragam Tanam Pallavi is the most elaborate improvisational form in Carnatic…
Ragamala Paintings
Ragamala paintings are a genre of Indian miniature painting that visualizes the…
Raghurajpur Heritage Crafts Village
Raghurajpur is a heritage crafts village in Puri district, Odisha, recognised…
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a Bengali social-religious reformer who founded the…
Raja Ravi Varma
Raja Ravi Varma (1848–1906) was an Indian painter from Travancore who fused…
Rajput School of Painting
The Rajput School of Painting is a tradition of Indian miniature painting that…
Ramakrishna Mission
The Ramakrishna Mission is a Hindu philanthropic and monastic organisation…
Ramappa Temple (Rudreshwara Temple)
The Ramappa Temple is a 13th-century Kakatiya-era Shiva temple at Palampet,…
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Ras Leela is a classical Manipuri dance-drama depicting the love of Radha and…
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration are a set of empirical generalizations,…
Red and Yellow Soil
Red and yellow soil is an iron-rich Indian soil group formed by weathering of…
Red Fort Trials of INA (1945)
The Red Fort Trials were the 1945-46 courts-martial of Indian National Army…
Red Soil
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Regionalism
Regionalism is a political and social orientation that prioritizes the…
Renke Commission (National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes)
The Renke Commission was a 2005 Indian government body chaired by Balkrishna…
Replacement-Level Fertility
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The rice-wheat cropping system is a sequential double-cropping pattern in which…
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River Rejuvenation
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Rowlatt Act 1919
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Rudra Veena
The rudra veena is a large plucked North Indian stick-zither with two gourd…
Rukmini Devi Arundale
Rukmini Devi Arundale was an Indian dancer, theosophist, and parliamentarian…
S
69 entriesSabarmati River
The Sabarmati is a west-flowing peninsular Indian river rising in the Aravalli…
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Samkhya
Samkhya is a dualistic Hindu philosophical system that explains reality through…
Sample Registration System (SRS)
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Sanchi Stupa
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The sarangi is a short-necked, bowed string instrument of the North Indian…
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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home…
Sarod
The sarod is a fretless, plucked stringed instrument of North Indian Hindustani…
Sarva Dharma Sambhava
Sarva Dharma Sambhava is the Indian principle that all religions are equally…
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The Satpura Range is a block-mountain system of peninsular India running…
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The Second Round Table Conference was a constitutional negotiation held in…
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Indian secularism is a constitutional principle under which the state maintains…
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SEED is an Indian central-sector welfare scheme launched in 2022 to provide…
Self-Help Group (SHG)
A Self-Help Group is a voluntary association of 10 to 20 poor people, usually…
Self-Respect Movement
The Self-Respect Movement was a South Indian social reform campaign founded by…
Servants of India Society
The Servants of India Society was an organization founded in 1905 by Gopal…
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Sex Ratio in India
Sex ratio in India is the number of females per 1,000 males in a population,…
Shayara Bano v. Union of India
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Shehnai
The shehnai is a double-reed aerophone of the Indian subcontinent,…
Shield Volcano
A shield volcano is a broad, gently sloping volcano built almost entirely from…
Shifting Cultivation (Jhum)
Shifting cultivation, called jhum in Northeast India, is a farming system in…
Shikhara
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Shipki La Pass
Shipki La is a high-altitude Himalayan pass at roughly 3,930 metres on the…
Shivalik Range
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Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram
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Siddhendra Yogi
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Simla Conference of 1945
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Simon Commission Boycott
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Simon Commission of 1927
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Sitar
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Social Capital (Robert Putnam)
Social capital is the value embedded in social networks, norms of reciprocity,…
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Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the process by which weathered rock and…
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Srikalahasti Kalamkari
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T
30 entriesTabla
The tabla is a North Indian percussion instrument comprising two single-headed…
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U
6 entriesUntouchability and Article 17
Article 17 of the Constitution of India abolishes untouchability and forbids…
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V
12 entriesVarna System
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W
9 entriesWalker Circulation
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3 entriesZ
4 entriesZaid Cropping Season
The Zaid season is the short summer cropping period in India between the rabi…
Zaskar Range
The Zaskar Range is a mountain range of the Trans-Himalaya in Ladakh, India,…
Zoji La
Zoji La is a high-altitude mountain pass at about 3,528 metres in the western…
Zoji La Pass
Zoji La is a high-altitude mountain pass in the western Himalaya at about 3,528…
