The Reference Library
Diplomacy & Politics Glossary
Every term you need — from Model UN procedure to international law, economics, and political theory. Clear definitions, real examples, and cross-linked concepts.
- Terms
- 2,494 terms· showing letter E (147)
- Categories
- 15 categories
Showing 147 entries
E
147 entriesE10
The ten elected, non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, serving…
East African Community (EAC)
An eight-member East African regional bloc with a customs union, common market,…
Echo Chamber
An echo chamber is an environment where people only encounter information that…
Echo Chamber Effect
A situation where beliefs are amplified by communication and repetition inside…
Ecological Security
The protection of ecosystems and natural resources to sustain human well-being…
Economic and Social Council
A principal UN organ responsible for coordinating economic, social, and related…
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
A principal organ of the UN responsible for promoting international economic…
Economic Calculation Problem
Hayek's critique that socialist economies cannot efficiently allocate resources…
Economic Inequality
The unequal distribution of income and wealth among individuals or groups…
Economic Interdependence
A condition where countries are mutually reliant on each other for goods,…
Economic Liberalism
A political and economic philosophy emphasizing free markets and individual…
Economic Nationalism
An ideology prioritizing domestic control of the economy, labor, and capital…
Economic Rent
The excess payment made to a factor of production due to its scarcity rather…
Economic Sanctions
Restrictive measures imposed by states or international bodies to influence a…
Economic Sanctions Evasion
Actions by states or entities to bypass or undermine international Economic…
Economic Sanctions Snapback
The automatic reinstatement of previously lifted Economic Sanctions when a…
Economic Statecraft
Economic statecraft uses economic tools like trade policies and sanctions to…
Economic Statecraft Instruments
Tools such as sanctions, trade agreements, and aid used by states to influence…
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Rights that guarantee access to education, health, work, and cultural…
ECOSOC
The Economic and Social Council of the UN responsible for promoting…
ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)
A 15-member West African regional bloc with mandates on economic integration,…
Editorial Independence
Editorial independence ensures journalists can report without influence from…
Editorializing
Editorializing occurs when journalists insert personal opinions into news…
Effective Control Test
A criterion to attribute conduct to a state based on its effective control over…
Effective Exchange Rate
A weighted average Exchange Rate of a country's currency against a basket of…
Effective Occupation
The actual, continuous, and peaceful display of state authority over a…
Effective Occupation Doctrine
A principle in territorial acquisition requiring actual, continuous, and…
Effective Rate of Exchange
The weighted average Exchange Rate of a country's currency against a basket of…
Effective Rate of Protection
Measures the percentage increase in value added per unit of output due to…
Effective Tariff Rate
The Tariff rate that actually affects the cost of imported goods after…
Eisenhower Doctrine
The 1957 US policy committing economic and military assistance to Middle…
Eleanor Roosevelt’s Human Rights Advocacy
Eleanor Roosevelt’s leadership in promoting global human rights through the…
Eleanor Roosevelt's Human Rights Universalism
The principle advocating that human rights are inalienable and applicable to…
Eleanor Roosevelt’s Human Rights Universalism
Eleanor Roosevelt's Advocacy for universal human rights applicable to all…
Eleanor Roosevelt's Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A foundational human rights document promoting Equality, freedom, and dignity…
Election Observation
Monitoring elections to ensure they are free, fair, and transparent.
Election Recount
A process of retallying votes to verify the accuracy of an election result,…
Electoral College
A body of electors established by a constitution to formally elect a president,…
Electoral Commission
An independent body responsible for overseeing the conduct, fairness, and…
Electoral Engineering
Deliberate design or reform of electoral systems to influence political…
Electoral Fraud
Illegal interference with the election process to alter results.
Electoral Integrity
The adherence to democratic principles and fairness in the conduct of…
Electoral Malapportionment
The uneven distribution of voters across electoral districts, causing some…
Electoral Malpractice
Illegal or unethical actions that compromise the fairness or integrity of an…
Electoral Mandate
The authority granted by voters to elected officials to implement their…
Electoral Quotas
Electoral quotas Mandate a minimum percentage or number of candidates from…
Electoral Threshold
The minimum share of votes a party needs to gain representation in a…
Electoral Volatility
The degree of change in voting patterns or party support between elections…
Embargo
A government-imposed ban on trade or other commercial activity with a…
Emergency Directive
A specific type of Crisis Directive issued quickly to address urgent…
Emergency Meeting
A special session convened rapidly to address urgent or unforeseen issues…
Emotional Appeals
Emotional appeals use feelings such as fear, hope, or empathy to influence an…
Emotional Contagion
Emotional contagion is the phenomenon where emotions spread between…
Emotional Hijacking
Emotional hijacking occurs when intense emotions override rational thinking,…
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and those…
Emotional Labor
The effort to manage and regulate emotions to fulfill the emotional…
Emotional Reasoning
A Cognitive Bias where people believe something is true based on emotional…
Empathic Listening
Empathic listening requires fully understanding and emotionally connecting with…
Empathic Mediation
A mediation approach emphasizing understanding and validating the emotions and…
Empathy Mapping
A tool to visualize and understand stakeholders' feelings, thoughts, and needs…
End of History Thesis
Fukuyama's argument that liberal democracy may represent the final form of…
Endorsement Effect
The influence endorsements from prominent figures or organizations have on…
Energy Transition
The global shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources to reduce…
Entrenchment Clause
A constitutional provision that protects certain laws or principles from being…
Environmental Diplomacy
Negotiations and agreements between states to address global environmental…
Environmental Peacebuilding
Efforts to use natural resource management and environmental cooperation to…
Environmental Programme
Also known as UNEP, a UN agency coordinating environmental activities and…
Environmental Refugees
People forced to leave their homes due to environmental factors like climate…
Environmental Security
Environmental security addresses threats to national and international…
Epistemic Bubble
An informational environment where relevant voices are excluded…
Epistemic Communities
Networks of professionals with recognized expertise and authority in a…
Epistemic Community
A network of experts and professionals sharing knowledge and expertise to…
Epistemic Humility
Recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and being open to new evidence or…
Epistemic Vigilance
The cognitive mechanism that helps individuals assess the reliability of…
Equality
Equality was a foundational principle of the French Revolution, aiming to…
Equitable Principles in Maritime Delimitation
Rules ensuring fair and just division of maritime boundaries between states,…
Erga Omnes Obligations
Legal obligations owed by states towards the international community as a…
Estates-General
The Estates-General was an assembly representing the three estates of France,…
Ethical Sourcing
Obtaining information or materials in a way that respects legal standards,…
Ethics of Care
A feminist ethical theory emphasizing relational interdependence and…
Ethnic Fractionalization
A measure of the number and size of ethnic groups in a society, influencing…
Ethnic Voting
Ethnic voting occurs when voters consistently support candidates or parties…
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to…
Ethnographic Interviewing
A qualitative method of gathering in-depth cultural insights through…
Ethnographic Listening
Ethnographic listening involves deeply understanding cultural context and…
Ethnolinguistic Sensitivity
Awareness and respect for language differences and cultural identity in…
Ethnorelativism
An attitude recognizing and respecting cultural differences as valid, essential…
Ethos
A rhetorical appeal that establishes the speaker's Credibility and…
Ethos Appeal
A persuasive technique that establishes the speaker’s Credibility and ethical…
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
A Russian-led economic union of five post-Soviet states with a customs union,…
Euromissile Crisis
A Cold War dispute during the 1980s over Soviet SS-20 missiles and NATO's…
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
A multilateral development bank founded in 1991 to support market transition in…
European Court of Human Rights
A regional human rights court that enforces the European Convention on Human…
Eurozone Crisis
A financial crisis starting in 2009 marked by sovereign debt problems in…
Eurozone Debt Crisis
A financial crisis starting in 2009 involving sovereign debt problems in…
Evasion
Illegal methods used to avoid tariffs, quotas, or sanctions, such as…
Evidence Dump
Presenting a large amount of evidence rapidly to overwhelm opponents and…
Ex Ante Evaluation
Assessment of a policy or program before implementation to predict potential…
Ex Gratia Compensation
Voluntary payments made by a state or organization without admitting legal…
Ex Gratia Payments
Voluntary payments made by a state or organization without admitting legal…
Exchange Rate
The price of one country's currency expressed in terms of another's, affecting…
Exchange Rate Basket
A weighted average of several currencies used by a country to stabilize its own…
Exchange Rate Pass-Through
The extent to which changes in exchange rates affect domestic prices of…
Exchange Rate Peg
A fixed Exchange Rate system where a country’s currency value is tied to…
Exchange Rate Regime
The system a country uses to manage its currency in relation to other…
Exchange Rate Volatility
The degree of fluctuation in a currency's value against others over time.
Exclusionary Rule
Policies or laws that prevent certain groups from voting or participating fully…
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
An EEZ is a maritime zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a coastal…
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes
Conflicts between states over maritime zones extending 200 nautical miles from…
Exclusive Jurisdiction Clause
A contractual provision designating a specific court or tribunal as the sole…
Executive Agreement
An international agreement made by the executive branch without requiring…
Executive Budget Proposal
The annual budget plan submitted by the executive branch outlining government…
Executive Clemency
The power of the executive to grant pardons or reduce sentences for individuals…
Executive Memo
A concise, formal document summarizing key information and recommendations for…
Executive Memo Audience Adaptation
Tailoring the tone, detail, and structure of executive memos to meet the…
Executive Order
A Directive issued by the executive branch that manages operations of the…
Executive Privilege
The right claimed by executive branch officials to withhold information from…
Executive Privilege Doctrine
A principle allowing the executive branch to withhold certain communications…
Executive Summary
A short overview highlighting the main points of a longer report or document…
Executive Summary Precision
The skill of concisely presenting key information and recommendations in an…
Executive Summary Structuring
Organizing concise summaries to highlight key points and recommendations…
Executive Summary Writing
The skill of condensing comprehensive reports into concise summaries that…
Executive-Legislative Gridlock
A situation where the executive and legislative branches cannot agree, leading…
Exhaustive Ballot
A voting method where voters cast a single vote in multiple rounds, eliminating…
Existentialism in Politics
A perspective focusing on individual freedom, responsibility, and authentic…
Exit Poll
A survey conducted immediately after voters leave polling stations to predict…
Exit Polling
Surveys conducted immediately after voters leave polling stations to predict…
Exploratory Diplomacy
Initial diplomatic efforts aimed at assessing the potential for negotiation or…
Export Credit Agency
A government or quasi-government institution that provides financing and…
Export Diversification
The process by which a country increases the variety of products and markets in…
Export Subsidy
Government financial support to domestic producers to make their exports more…
Export-Led Growth
An economic strategy that emphasizes expanding exports to drive national…
Expressive Voting
Casting a vote to express support for a candidate or cause rather than to…
Expropriation
The act by a state of taking private property for public use, usually requiring…
Expropriation with Compensation
The state's taking of private property for public use, requiring prompt,…
Extended Deterrence
The commitment by a nuclear-armed state to use its nuclear weapons to defend…
Extension
An argument in later speeches that develops and strengthens a previously…
Extension Argument
An argument in the rebuttal phase that extends and strengthens a previously…
Extradition
The formal process by which one state surrenders an individual accused or…
Extradition Treaty
A bilateral or multilateral agreement facilitating the handing over of accused…
Extradition Treaty Exceptions
Extradition Treaty exceptions are specific legal grounds allowing states to…
Extraterritorial Application of Criminal Law
The Extension of a state's criminal jurisdiction beyond its borders to…
Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights
The Extension of a state's human rights obligations beyond its territorial…
Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations
Duties of states to respect and protect human rights beyond their own territory…
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
The ability of a state to exercise legal power beyond its territorial…
Eye Contact
A delivery technique where speakers maintain visual connection with the…
Ezulwini Consensus
The African Union's 2005 position on UN reform demanding two permanent African…