The Reference Library
Diplomacy & Politics Glossary
Every term you need — from Model UN procedure to international law, economics, and political theory. Clear definitions, real examples, and cross-linked concepts.
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3 entries101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 (GST)
The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 amended India's Constitution to…
26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks
The 26/11 Mumbai attacks were a coordinated four-day fidayeen assault by ten…
30x30 Target
The 30x30 Target is the global commitment to conserve at least 30 percent of…
A
32 entriesAbsolute Liability Principle (Oleum Gas Leak case)
Absolute liability holds an enterprise engaged in a hazardous activity fully…
Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) under the Biological Diversity Act
Access and Benefit Sharing is the legal mechanism requiring users of India's…
Accommodative Monetary Stance
An accommodative monetary stance is a central bank's declared policy bias…
Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL)
The Actual Ground Position Line is the line dividing Indian and Pakistani…
Aditya-L1 Payloads (VELC, SUIT)
Aditya-L1 is India's first dedicated solar observatory, carrying seven payloads…
Advance Pricing Agreement (APA)
An Advance Pricing Agreement is a binding arrangement between a taxpayer and…
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)
The Advanced Heavy Water Reactor is an Indian-designed 300 MWe…
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft is India's indigenous fifth-generation…
Advisory Board (Preventive Detention)
An Advisory Board is a constitutional body of judges that reviews whether…
AFSPA (Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1990
The AFSPA (Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1990 grants armed forces deployed in areas…
Agni-IV Missile
The Agni-IV is an Indian intermediate-range, road-mobile, two-stage solid-fuel…
Agni-P (Agni-Prime) Missile
Agni-P (Agni-Prime) is a two-stage, solid-fuel, canister-launched,…
Agni-Prime Missile
Agni-Prime (Agni-P) is a two-stage, canister-launched, solid-fuel medium-range…
Agni-V Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
The Agni-V is India's indigenously developed, three-stage, solid-fuelled,…
Aichi Biodiversity Targets
The Aichi Biodiversity Targets were twenty global goals adopted in 2010 under…
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 is an Indian central…
Akash Surface-to-Air Missile System
Akash is an Indian medium-range, surface-to-air missile system developed by…
Akash-NG (New Generation) Missile
Akash-NG is an indigenous Indian surface-to-air missile system developed by…
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Antimicrobial resistance is the capacity of microorganisms to survive exposure…
Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF)
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation is India's apex statutory body,…
Arjun Main Battle Tank
The Arjun is India's indigenously designed third-generation main battle tank,…
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA)
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 is an Indian statute granting armed…
Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG)
The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering is a FATF-style regional body of 42…
Asiatic Lion Conservation Project (Gir)
The Asiatic Lion Conservation Project is a centrally funded Indian government…
Assam Rifles
The Assam Rifles is India's oldest paramilitary force, guarding the…
Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)
An Asset Reconstruction Company is a financial institution registered with the…
Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile
Astra is India's indigenously developed beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile,…
AstroSat
AstroSat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space telescope, launched…
Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan
Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan is India's 2020 self-reliant economic policy…
Atomic Energy Act, 1962
The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 is the Indian statute that vests the central…
Automatic Stabilisers
Automatic stabilisers are fiscal mechanisms—chiefly progressive taxes and…
Aviation Research Centre (ARC)
The Aviation Research Centre is India's specialised aerial reconnaissance and…
B
38 entriesBallistic Missile Defence Programme (PAD/AAD)
India's Ballistic Missile Defence Programme is a two-tiered DRDO system using…
Bandipur Tiger Reserve
Bandipur Tiger Reserve is a protected tiger habitat in Karnataka's…
Bank Nationalisation of 1969
Bank Nationalisation of 1969 was the Indian government's takeover of fourteen…
Bank Rate
Bank Rate is the rate at which a central bank lends long-term funds to…
Bank Recapitalisation Bonds
Bank recapitalisation bonds are government-issued securities used to inject…
Banking Regulation Act, 1949
The Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is the Indian statute granting the Reserve…
Banks Board Bureau (BBB)
The Banks Board Bureau was an autonomous Indian government body established in…
Barak-8 (LR-SAM/MR-SAM)
Barak-8 is an Indo-Israeli surface-to-air missile system co-developed by DRDO…
Base Editing
Base editing is a precision genome-editing technique that chemically converts…
Base Rate
The base rate is the minimum lending rate set by a commercial bank below which…
Basel Ban Amendment
The Basel Ban Amendment is a 1995 amendment to the Basel Convention that…
Basel III Norms
Basel III is a global regulatory framework setting minimum capital, leverage,…
Bastar–Dantewada Conflict Zone
The Bastar–Dantewada conflict zone is a forested tribal region of southern…
Benchmark Prime Lending Rate (BPLR)
The Benchmark Prime Lending Rate was the reference interest rate at which…
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is India's principal nuclear research…
Bharat Small Reactor (BSR)
The Bharat Small Reactor is an indigenous 220-megawatt pressurised heavy water…
Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI)
BHAVINI is an Indian government company under the Department of Atomic Energy…
Bhitarkanika National Park
Bhitarkanika National Park is a protected mangrove ecosystem in Kendrapara…
Biodiversity Hotspots of India
Biodiversity hotspots of India are the four globally recognized Conservation…
Biodiversity Management Committees
Biodiversity Management Committees are statutory local bodies constituted under…
Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act 2023
The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act 2023 is an Indian statute amending the…
Biomagnification
Biomagnification is the progressive increase in concentration of a persistent…
Biosimilars
A biosimilar is a biological medicine highly similar to an already-approved…
Biotech-KISAN
Biotech-KISAN is an Indian government scheme launched by the Department of…
Black Cat Commandos (NSG)
The Black Cat Commandos are operatives of India's National Security Guard, a…
Bombay Plan (1944)
The Bombay Plan was a 1944 proposal by eight Indian industrialists for a…
Bonn Challenge
The Bonn Challenge is a global voluntary effort to bring 150 million hectares…
Border Area Development Programme (BADP)
The Border Area Development Programme is a centrally sponsored Indian scheme…
Border Security Force (BSF)
The Border Security Force is a Central Armed Police Force of India that guards…
Botanical Survey of India (BSI)
The Botanical Survey of India is the apex national institution under the…
BrahMos Cruise Missile (India-Russia Joint Venture)
BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile developed by an India-Russia joint…
BrahMos Missile
BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by India and Russia,…
Breeder Reactor
A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates more fissile material…
Bru-Reang Agreement (2020)
The Bru-Reang Agreement is a January 2020 quadripartite accord permanently…
Bt Brinjal
Bt brinjal is a genetically engineered eggplant carrying a Bacillus…
Bt Cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety engineered with genes from…
Budget Deficit
A budget deficit is the amount by which a government's total expenditure…
Business Correspondent Model
The Business Correspondent Model is an RBI-authorised framework permitting…
C
57 entriesCali Fund (Digital Sequence Information)
The Cali Fund is a multilateral mechanism established under the Convention on…
Call Money Market
The call money market is the segment of the money market where banks borrow and…
Capital Expenditure
Capital expenditure is government spending that creates assets or reduces…
Capital Receipts
Capital receipts are government revenues that either create a liability or…
CAR-T Cell Therapy
CAR-T cell therapy is a cancer treatment that genetically reengineers a…
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a 2000 treaty under the Convention on…
Cartosat Series
The Cartosat series is a constellation of Indian Earth-observation satellites…
CE-20 Cryogenic Engine
The CE-20 is an Indian cryogenic rocket engine developed by ISRO that burns…
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
The Central Armed Police Forces are seven armed police organisations of India's…
Central Asian Flyway
The Central Asian Flyway is a migratory bird route covering 30 countries from…
Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)
The Central Board of Direct Taxes is the apex statutory body that administers…
Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC)
The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs is a statutory body under…
Central GST (CGST)
Central GST is the component of India's Goods and Services Tax levied and…
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
The Central Industrial Security Force is a Central Armed Police Force under…
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
The Central Pollution Control Board is India's statutory apex body for…
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
The Central Reserve Police Force is India's largest central armed police force,…
Central Zoo Authority
The Central Zoo Authority is a statutory body under India's Wild Life…
CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team)
CERT-In is India's national nodal agency for responding to cybersecurity…
Cess
A cess is an earmarked tax levied by the Government of India over and above the…
Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe, launched by ISRO on 22 October…
Chandrayaan-2
Chandrayaan-2 was India's second lunar exploration mission, launched by ISRO in…
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
The Chief of Defence Staff is India's senior-most uniformed military officer,…
Chilika Lake
Chilika Lake is a brackish coastal lagoon on Odisha's eastern coast, India's…
Chilika Lake (Ramsar Wetland Site)
Chilika Lake is a brackish coastal lagoon on India's eastern coast in Odisha,…
CITES Appendix I
CITES Appendix I lists species threatened with extinction for which…
CITES Appendix II
CITES Appendix II lists species not necessarily threatened with extinction but…
CITES Appendix III
CITES Appendix III lists species that any single member state protects within…
Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010
The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 is an Indian statute that…
CMS Appendix I
CMS Appendix I lists migratory species threatened with extinction, obligating…
CMS COP13 Gandhinagar
CMS COP13 Gandhinagar was the 13th Conference of the Parties to the Convention…
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification
The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification is an Indian environmental regulation…
Coastal Security Scheme
The Coastal Security Scheme is a centrally sponsored programme launched by…
Committee of Creditors (CoC)
The Committee of Creditors is the body of financial creditors that governs…
Communist Party of India (Maoist)
The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a banned Indian insurgent organisation…
Community Forest Resource Rights
Community Forest Resource Rights are collective rights under India's Forest…
Community Reserve
A Community Reserve is a category of protected area in India, declared on…
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016
The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016 is an Indian law that…
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
CAMPA is India's statutory authority that manages funds collected from users…
Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT)
The Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism is a draft UN treaty…
Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)
The Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System is India's…
Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate
Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate are the two mandatory regulatory…
Conservation Reserve
A conservation reserve is a category of protected area in India, declared on…
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation
Consumer Price Index inflation measures the rate of change in retail prices of…
Contingency Fund of India
The Contingency Fund of India is a corpus established under Article 267(1) of…
Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC)
The CSC is an IAEA treaty establishing a global nuclear liability regime that…
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
The CMS is a 1979 intergovernmental treaty under the United Nations Environment…
Corbett Tiger Reserve
Corbett Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Uttarakhand, India, established as…
Core Banking Solution (CBS)
Core Banking Solution is centralized banking software that lets a customer…
Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)
The Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process is the time-bound mechanism under…
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research is India's largest publicly…
Crew Escape System (CES)
A Crew Escape System is a rocket-powered safety mechanism that pulls an…
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome-editing technology that uses a guide RNA and the Cas9…
Critical Information Infrastructure
Critical Information Infrastructure is a computer resource whose incapacitation…
Critical Wildlife Habitat
Critical Wildlife Habitat is an area of a national park or sanctuary in India,…
Cryogenic Engine
A cryogenic engine is a rocket propulsion system that burns liquefied gases…
Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS)
A cryogenic upper stage is a rocket stage that burns liquid hydrogen and liquid…
Cyber Swachhta Kendra
The Cyber Swachhta Kendra is India's national botnet cleaning and malware…
D
29 entriesDawood Ibrahim and D-Company
Dawood Ibrahim is a fugitive Indian crime boss who heads D-Company, a…
De-radicalisation and Counter-Radicalisation
De-radicalisation reverses an individual's existing extremist beliefs, while…
Decentralised Planning and Bottom-Up Approach
Decentralised planning is a model of economic and developmental planning in…
Deepor Beel
Deepor Beel is a permanent freshwater lake and Ramsar site on the south-western…
Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020
The Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 is India's framework governing capital…
Defence Cyber Agency
The Defence Cyber Agency is India's tri-service military command responsible…
Defence Industrial Corridors (UP and Tamil Nadu)
Defence Industrial Corridors are designated geographic clusters in Uttar…
Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
The Defence Intelligence Agency is India's apex tripartite military…
Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL)
The Defence Research and Development Laboratory is a Hyderabad-based DRDO…
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
The Defence Research and Development Organisation is India's premier military…
Deficit Financing
Deficit financing is the practice of meeting government expenditure that…
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
The Department of Atomic Energy is the Indian government department that…
Department of Military Affairs
The Department of Military Affairs is the fifth department of India's Ministry…
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC)
The DICGC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India that…
Differentiated Banking Licence
A differentiated banking licence is a Reserve Bank of India authorisation…
Direct Tax Code (DTC)
The Direct Tax Code is a proposed Indian legislative framework intended to…
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence is India's apex anti-smuggling…
Dirty Dozen (Initial POPs)
The Dirty Dozen are the original twelve persistent organic pollutants targeted…
Disturbed Area Declaration (AFSPA)
A Disturbed Area Declaration is a government notification designating a…
Disturbed Areas Act
A Disturbed Areas Act is an Indian statute that lets a state or the Centre…
Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT)
Dividend Distribution Tax was a levy imposed on Indian companies on the…
DMH-11 (GM Mustard)
DMH-11 is a genetically modified hybrid mustard developed by Delhi University…
DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill
The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill is Indian draft…
DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019
The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019 was an Indian…
Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)
Domestic Systemically Important Banks are banks whose failure would disrupt a…
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
A Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement is a bilateral tax treaty that allocates…
DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
The Defence Research and Development Organisation is India's apex agency for…
Dugong (Dugong dugon)
The dugong is a large herbivorous marine mammal of the order Sirenia, listed as…
Durand Line
The Durand Line is the 2,640-kilometre boundary between Afghanistan and…
E
16 entriese-NAM (National Agriculture Market)
e-NAM is an Indian pan-national electronic trading portal that networks…
E-Waste (Management) Rules 2022
The E-Waste (Management) Rules 2022 are India's regulatory framework, notified…
E-Way Bill
An E-Way Bill is an electronic document generated on the GST portal that…
Eco-Sensitive Zone
An Eco-Sensitive Zone is a regulated buffer area around protected forests,…
Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ)
Eco-Sensitive Zones are regulated buffer areas around protected forests,…
Effective Revenue Deficit
Effective Revenue Deficit is India's revenue deficit minus grants given to…
Endemic Species
An endemic species is one whose natural distribution is restricted to a single…
Enforcement Directorate (ED)
The Enforcement Directorate is India's financial investigation agency under the…
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 2006
The EIA Notification 2006 is the Indian regulation under the Environment…
Equalisation Levy
India's Equalisation Levy is a direct tax imposed on consideration received by…
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the enrichment of a water body with nutrients, chiefly…
Ex-situ Conservation
Ex-situ conservation is the protection of biological diversity by maintaining…
Expenditure Budget and Receipt Budget
In the Indian Union Budget, the Receipt Budget details all government incomings…
Export Preparedness Index
The Export Preparedness Index is a NITI Aayog ranking that measures the export…
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Extended Producer Responsibility is an environmental policy principle that…
External Benchmark Lending Rate (EBLR)
The External Benchmark Lending Rate is the interest rate at which Indian banks…
F
21 entriesFarmer Producer Organisation (FPO)
A Farmer Producer Organisation is a legally registered collective of…
Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
The Fast Breeder Test Reactor is a sodium-cooled experimental fast reactor at…
FATF 40 Recommendations
The FATF 40 Recommendations are the international standards on combating money…
FATF Grey List (Increased Monitoring List)
The FATF Grey List is the Financial Action Task Force's roster of jurisdictions…
Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND)
Financial Intelligence Unit-India is the central national agency that receives,…
Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)
The Financial Stability and Development Council is India's apex body for…
Finger Area, Pangong Tso
The Finger Area is a set of eight ridge spurs along the north bank of Pangong…
Fiscal Consolidation
Fiscal consolidation is the set of deliberate government policies that reduce…
Fiscal Drag
Fiscal drag is the automatic increase in a government's real tax revenue when…
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 is an Indian statute…
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
The FRBM Act, 2003 is an Indian statute that mandates fiscal discipline by…
Fiscal Stimulus
Fiscal stimulus is government action to raise aggregate demand through…
Five Year Plans
Five Year Plans are centralised quinquennial economic blueprints that set…
Flagship Species
A flagship species is a charismatic species selected to act as a symbol for a…
Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework
A flexible inflation targeting framework is a monetary policy regime under…
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 is an Indian statute that regulates…
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 is an Indian statute requiring central…
Fourth Schedule UAPA (Designation of Individual Terrorists)
The Fourth Schedule of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act lists…
FRBM Escape Clause
The FRBM escape clause is a statutory provision permitting the Union government…
FRBM Fiscal Deficit Target of 3% of GDP
The 3% of GDP fiscal deficit ceiling is the benchmark target set under India's…
Free Movement Regime (India-Myanmar)
The Free Movement Regime is a bilateral arrangement permitting tribal residents…
G
35 entriesGAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation)
GAGAN is India's satellite-based augmentation system, jointly developed by ISRO…
Gaganyaan Mission
Gaganyaan is India's first crewed orbital spaceflight programme, designed to…
Gaganyaan Test Vehicle TV-D1
TV-D1 was ISRO's October 2023 uncrewed flight test that validated the Gaganyaan…
Gandhian Plan (1944)
The Gandhian Plan was a 1944 economic blueprint by S.N. Agarwal that…
Gangetic River Dolphin
The Gangetic river dolphin is a freshwater cetacean of the…
Gee's Golden Langur
Gee's Golden Langur is an endangered Old World primate endemic to western…
Gene Drive
A gene drive is a genetic engineering technique that biases inheritance so a…
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a medical technique that treats or prevents disease by…
General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR)
General Anti-Avoidance Rules are statutory provisions empowering tax…
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee is India's apex statutory body that…
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
A genetically modified organism is any plant, animal, or microbe whose genetic…
Genome India Project
The Genome India Project is an Indian government initiative to sequence and…
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle is an Indian expendable rocket…
Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a critically endangered fish-eating…
Gir National Park
Gir National Park is a protected area in Gujarat, India, that is the sole…
Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP)
The Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership is an Indian autonomous…
Global Minimum Corporate Tax
The Global Minimum Corporate Tax is an OECD-brokered rule ensuring large…
Golden Rice
Golden Rice is a genetically engineered rice variety biofortified to produce…
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
The Goods and Services Tax is a destination-based, multi-stage indirect tax…
Governing Council of NITI Aayog
The Governing Council of NITI Aayog is the apex deliberative body comprising…
Gram Sabha under the Forest Rights Act
The Gram Sabha is the village assembly of all adult members empowered under the…
Grants-in-Aid to States
Grants-in-aid are fiscal transfers from the Union government to states under…
Gravitational Waves
Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime produced by…
Great Green Wall Initiative
The Great Green Wall is a pan-African initiative launched by the African Union…
Great Himalayan National Park
The Great Himalayan National Park is a protected area in Kullu district,…
Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps)
The Great Indian Bustard is a critically endangered large grassland bird…
Greyhounds (Anti-Naxal Force)
The Greyhounds are an elite commando force raised by Andhra Pradesh in 1989 to…
Gross NPA versus Net NPA
Gross NPA is the total value of a bank's non-performing loans, while Net NPA is…
Gross Tax Revenue
Gross tax revenue is the total tax collected by a government before deducting…
GSAT Satellite Series
GSAT is the Indian Space Research Organisation's series of geostationary…
GSLV Mk III (LVM3)
The GSLV Mk III, redesignated LVM3, is ISRO's heaviest operational launch…
GST Compensation Cess
The GST Compensation Cess is a levy imposed on certain luxury and demerit goods…
GST Composition Scheme
The GST Composition Scheme is a simplified tax option under India's GST law…
GST Network (GSTN)
The GST Network is a non-profit company that builds and operates the shared IT…
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is a 10,500 sq km marine protected area…
H
14 entriesHAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft
The HAL Tejas is an indigenous Indian single-engine, multirole light combat…
Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
The Hangul, or Kashmir stag (Cervus hanglu hanglu), is a critically endangered…
Hawala (Informal Value Transfer System)
Hawala is an informal value transfer system that moves money across borders…
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2016
The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules…
Headline and Core Inflation
Headline inflation measures the total change in consumer prices including food…
HELINA / Dhruvastra Anti-Tank Missile
HELINA and Dhruvastra are the helicopter-launched variants of India's…
Herbicide-Tolerant (HT) Bt Cotton
Herbicide-Tolerant Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton stacking…
Higgs Boson
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle that is the quantum excitation of the…
Hokera Wetland
Hokera Wetland is a high-altitude freshwater marsh in Jammu and Kashmir, India,…
Homi J. Bhabha
Homi Jehangir Bhabha was an Indian nuclear physicist who founded India's atomic…
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project was an international scientific effort, completed in…
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is the recruitment, transport, or harbouring of persons…
Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)
The Hybrid Annuity Model is a public-private partnership road-financing…
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)
The HSTDV is an Indian unmanned scramjet-powered demonstrator developed by the…
I
47 entriesiDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence)
iDEX is an Indian Ministry of Defence framework launched in 2018 that funds…
Imperative Planning
Imperative planning is a centralized economic system in which the state issues…
Important Bird and Biodiversity Area
An Important Bird and Biodiversity Area is a site identified by BirdLife…
In-situ Conservation
In-situ conservation is the protection of species, populations, and genetic…
IN-SPACe and NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)
IN-SPACe is India's autonomous space-sector regulator and promoter, while…
Income Tax Act, 1961
The Income Tax Act, 1961 is the principal Indian statute governing the levy,…
India Debt Resolution Company Ltd (IDRCL)
The India Debt Resolution Company Ltd is a government-backed asset management…
India-Bangladesh Enclaves (Chhitmahals)
The India-Bangladesh enclaves were sovereign pockets of one country's territory…
India-IAEA Safeguards Agreement
The India-IAEA Safeguards Agreement is the 2009 facility-specific accord…
India's Additional Protocol with IAEA
India's Additional Protocol with the IAEA is a 2009 agreement granting the…
India's No First Use Nuclear Doctrine
No First Use is India's declared nuclear policy committing it to retaliate with…
India's Nuclear Triad
India's nuclear triad is its capability to deliver nuclear weapons from three…
Indian Coast Guard
The Indian Coast Guard is an armed maritime law-enforcement and…
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre is an attached office of India's…
Indian Mujahideen (IM)
The Indian Mujahideen is a banned Islamist terrorist organisation that…
Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros
The Indian one-horned rhinoceros is a large herbivorous mammal native to the…
Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)
Indian Rare Earths Limited is a public-sector enterprise under India's…
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System is an autonomous satellite…
Indian Rhino Vision 2020
Indian Rhino Vision 2020 was a conservation programme launched in 2005 to…
Indian Space Policy 2023
The Indian Space Policy 2023 is the Government of India's framework…
Indicative Planning
Indicative planning is a market-based form of economic planning in which the…
IndiGen Genome Project
The IndiGen Genome Project is a CSIR-led initiative launched in 2019 to…
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research is India's premier nuclear…
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police is an Indian Central Armed Police Force raised…
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Induced pluripotent stem cells are mature adult cells reprogrammed into an…
Information Technology Act, 2000
The Information Technology Act, 2000 is India's primary statute governing…
Inner Line Permit (ILP)
The Inner Line Permit is an official travel document required by Indian…
Input Tax Credit (ITC)
Input Tax Credit is the mechanism under India's GST that allows a registered…
INS Arihant
INS Arihant is India's first indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic…
INS Vikrant (Indigenous Aircraft Carrier)
INS Vikrant is India's first domestically designed and built aircraft carrier,…
INSAT System
The Indian National Satellite System is a series of multipurpose geostationary…
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India is the statutory regulator that…
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 is India's consolidated law providing…
Integrated Check Post, Attari
The Integrated Check Post at Attari is India's land border facility on the…
Integrated GST (IGST)
Integrated GST is the component of India's Goods and Services Tax levied by the…
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)
The IGMDP was India's 1983 defence research initiative to indigenously design…
Intelligence Bureau (IB)
The Intelligence Bureau is India's internal intelligence and…
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body established in 2012 to…
International Border (IB)
The International Border is the mutually recognised, legally demarcated…
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is…
Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP/ISIS-K)
Islamic State Khorasan Province is the Afghanistan-Pakistan regional affiliate…
IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
The IT Rules, 2021 are Indian regulations governing online intermediaries,…
ITER and India's Participation
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IUCN Critically Endangered (CR) Category
Critically Endangered is the highest threat category on the IUCN Red List for…
IUCN Extinct in the Wild (EW) Category
Extinct in the Wild is the IUCN Red List category for a taxon that survives…
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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IUCN Vulnerable (VU) Category
Vulnerable (VU) is the IUCN Red List threat category for species facing a high…
J
7 entriesJaduguda Uranium Mines
Jaduguda Uranium Mines, located in Jharkhand's East Singhbhum district, are…
Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)
Jaish-e-Mohammed is a Pakistan-based Islamist militant group founded in 2000…
Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019
The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019 is an Indian statute that split…
Jerdon's Courser
Jerdon's Courser is a critically endangered nocturnal bird endemic to the…
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
The Joint Intelligence Committee is India's apex body for collating and…
Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee on Data Protection
The Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee was an Indian expert panel constituted…
Justice Jeevan Reddy Committee on AFSPA
The Jeevan Reddy Committee was a five-member panel constituted by India in 2004…
K
13 entriesK-15 Sagarika Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
The K-15 Sagarika is India's short-range submarine-launched ballistic missile,…
K-4 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
The K-4 is an Indian intermediate-range, nuclear-capable submarine-launched…
Kanha Tiger Reserve
Kanha Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Madhya Pradesh, India, established…
Karbi Anglong Agreement (2021)
The Karbi Anglong Agreement is a 2021 tripartite peace accord between five…
Kargil Review Committee
The Kargil Review Committee was a four-member panel constituted by the…
Kaziranga National Park
Kaziranga National Park is a protected area in Assam, India, established in…
Keibul Lamjao National Park
Keibul Lamjao National Park is a floating national park in Manipur, India,…
Keoladeo Ghana Ramsar Site
Keoladeo Ghana is a wetland in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, designated a Ramsar Site…
Keoladeo National Park
Keoladeo National Park is a wetland reserve in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India,…
Keystone Species
A keystone species is an organism whose presence and ecological role…
Keystone Species Concept in Conservation
A keystone species is an organism whose presence and ecological role…
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is India's largest nuclear power station,…
Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport
Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport is ISRO's second launch complex, under…
L
10 entriesLagrange Point L1
Lagrange Point L1 is the equilibrium point between two large bodies, such as…
Land Degradation Neutrality
Land Degradation Neutrality is a state in which the amount and quality of land…
Land Ports Authority of India
The Land Ports Authority of India is a statutory body under India's Ministry of…
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)
Lashkar-e-Taiba is a Pakistan-based Islamist militant organisation, designated…
Lion-Tailed Macaque
The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) is an endangered Old World monkey…
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
The Liquidity Adjustment Facility is a Reserve Bank of India monetary-policy…
Loktak Lake
Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India, located in…
Lone Wolf Terrorism
Lone wolf terrorism is a politically or ideologically motivated attack carried…
Long-Term Capital Gains Tax (LTCG)
Long-Term Capital Gains Tax is a direct tax levied on profit from the sale of…
LWE-Affected Districts Development Scheme
The LWE-Affected Districts development framework is a Government of India…
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24 entriesMadhukar Gupta Committee on Border Protection
The Madhukar Gupta Committee was a 2016 Indian government panel that reviewed…
Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999 (MCOCA)
The Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999 is a state anti-mafia…
Make in India Initiative
Make in India is an Indian government initiative launched in 2014 to transform…
Manas National Park
Manas National Park is a protected area in western Assam, India, that is…
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission)
Mangalyaan, India's Mars Orbiter Mission, was a 2013 ISRO spacecraft that made…
Mangalyaan-2 (Mars Orbiter Mission 2)
Mangalyaan-2 is the Indian Space Research Organisation's second Mars…
Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR)
The Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate is the minimum interest rate…
Marginal Cost of Funds Based Lending Rate (MCLR)
The MCLR is the minimum interest rate, introduced by the Reserve Bank of India…
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
The Marginal Standing Facility is an overnight Reserve Bank of India window…
Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS)
The Market Stabilisation Scheme is a monetary instrument under which the…
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
The Mars Orbiter Mission, called Mangalyaan, was India's first interplanetary…
Minamata Disease
Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe methylmercury…
Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT)
Minimum Alternate Tax is an Indian direct tax requiring companies to pay tax on…
Mission Shakti (Anti-Satellite Test)
Mission Shakti was India's March 2019 anti-satellite test in which a missile…
Mizo Accord (1986)
The Mizo Accord of 1986 was a peace agreement signed between the Government of…
Monetary Policy Framework Agreement 2015
The Monetary Policy Framework Agreement 2015 is a formal accord between the…
Monetised Deficit
Monetised deficit is the portion of a government's fiscal deficit financed by…
Money Multiplier
The money multiplier is the ratio of the total money supply to the monetary…
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced antibodies engineered from a…
Montreux Record
The Montreux Record is a register of Ramsar wetlands where ecological character…
mRNA Vaccine
An mRNA vaccine delivers laboratory-synthesised messenger RNA that instructs…
mRNA Vaccine Platform
An mRNA vaccine platform delivers synthetic messenger RNA encoding a pathogen…
Multi-Agency Centre (MAC)
The Multi-Agency Centre is a centralised intelligence-sharing body under…
Multilateral Fund (Montreal Protocol)
The Multilateral Fund is the financial mechanism of the Montreal Protocol that…
N
59 entriesN.K. Singh FRBM Review Committee
The N.K. Singh FRBM Review Committee was a 2016 panel that recommended…
Nachiket Mor Committee
The Nachiket Mor Committee was a 2013–14 Reserve Bank of India panel that…
Nag Anti-Tank Guided Missile
Nag is an Indian indigenously developed third-generation, fire-and-forget…
Naga Peace Accord Framework Agreement (2015)
The Naga Framework Agreement is a 2015 accord signed between the Government of…
Naga People's Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India (AFSPA case)
Naga People's Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India is the 1997 Supreme…
Namdapha National Park
Namdapha National Park is a 1,985-square-kilometre protected area and tiger…
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO-designated protected ecosystem in…
Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh (2011)
Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh (2011) is a Supreme Court of India…
Narco-Terrorism
Narco-terrorism is the convergence of drug trafficking and terrorist violence,…
Naresh Chandra Task Force on National Security
The Naresh Chandra Task Force was a 14-member committee constituted by India's…
Narrow Money and Broad Money (M1, M3)
Narrow money (M1) measures the most liquid components of the money supply,…
National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA)
The National Anti-Profiteering Authority was a statutory body in India that…
National Asset Reconstruction Company Limited (NARCL)
The National Asset Reconstruction Company Limited is India's government-backed…
National Biopharma Mission (Innovate in India)
The National Biopharma Mission is a Government of India programme launched in…
National Board for Wildlife
The National Board for Wildlife is a statutory advisory body under India's…
National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security (NCSMCS)
The National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security is…
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)
The National Company Law Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body in India that…
National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)
The NCIIPC is India's national nodal agency, established in 2014 under Section…
National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC)
The National Cyber Coordination Centre is India's operational cyber-threat…
National Cyber Security Policy 2013
The National Cyber Security Policy 2013 is India's first comprehensive…
National Cyber Security Strategy
A National Cyber Security Strategy is a government policy document defining…
National Data and Analytics Platform (NDAP)
The National Data and Analytics Platform is an Indian government initiative led…
National DNA Data Bank
A National DNA Data Bank is a government-maintained repository that stores DNA…
National Environment Tribunal Act 1995
The National Environment Tribunal Act 1995 was an Indian statute that created a…
National Green Tribunal Act 2010
The National Green Tribunal Act 2010 is an Indian statute that established a…
National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research
India's National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research are a binding regulatory…
National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)
The National Infrastructure Pipeline is India's coordinated investment plan,…
National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)
NATGRID is an Indian integrated intelligence master database that links the…
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
The National Investigation Agency is India's central counter-terrorism law…
National Investigation Agency Act, 2008
The National Investigation Agency Act, 2008 is an Indian statute that…
National Maritime Domain Awareness (NMDA)
National Maritime Domain Awareness is the effective understanding of activity…
National Monetisation Pipeline (NITI Aayog)
The National Monetisation Pipeline is a NITI Aayog framework, launched in…
National Planning Committee (1938)
The National Planning Committee was a 29-member body set up by the Indian…
National Security Act, 1980 (NSA)
The National Security Act, 1980 is an Indian law authorising preventive…
National Security Council (India)
India's National Security Council is the apex executive body advising the Prime…
National Security Guard (NSG)
The National Security Guard is India's federal counter-terrorism and…
National Supercomputing Mission
The National Supercomputing Mission is an Indian government programme launched…
National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO)
The National Technical Research Organisation is India's technical intelligence…
National Wildlife Action Plan
The National Wildlife Action Plan is India's policy framework setting…
NavIC (IRNSS)
NavIC is India's independent regional satellite navigation system, built by…
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)
NavIC is India's independent regional satellite navigation system, operated by…
Naxalbari Uprising (1967)
The Naxalbari Uprising was a 1967 peasant insurrection in West Bengal that…
Net Tax Revenue
Net tax revenue is the gross tax collection of a government after deducting…
NexCAR19
NexCAR19 is India's first indigenously developed CAR-T cell therapy, approved…
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is India's first designated biosphere reserve,…
Nilgiri Tahr
The Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) is an endangered mountain ungulate…
Nirbhay Subsonic Cruise Missile
Nirbhay is India's long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile developed…
NITI Aayog Health Index
The NITI Aayog Health Index is a composite ranking that measures and tracks the…
NITI Aayog National Multidimensional Poverty Index
India's National Multidimensional Poverty Index, developed by NITI Aayog,…
No Money for Terror (NMFT) Ministerial Conference
The No Money for Terror Ministerial Conference is an intergovernmental forum,…
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO-designated protected area in the West Garo…
Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)
A Non-Banking Financial Company is a company registered under the Companies Act…
Non-Performing Assets (NPA)
A non-performing asset is a loan or advance on which the borrower has stopped…
NSCN-IM
The NSCN-IM is the Isak-Muivah faction of the National Socialist Council of…
NSG Waiver of 2008
The NSG Waiver of 2008 was the Nuclear Suppliers Group's decision to exempt…
Nuclear Command Authority (India)
India's Nuclear Command Authority is the apex body, chaired by the Prime…
Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad
The Nuclear Fuel Complex is a Department of Atomic Energy unit in Hyderabad…
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise…
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)
NPCIL is a public-sector enterprise under India's Department of Atomic Energy…
O
8 entriesOff-Budget Borrowing
Off-budget borrowing is government financing raised through public-sector…
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
The Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) is a small sea turtle, named for its…
OMO Purchase and Sale Auctions
Open Market Operation purchase and sale auctions are central-bank transactions…
Online Radicalisation
Online radicalisation is the process by which individuals adopt extremist…
Operation All Out
Operation All Out is the Indian security forces' coordinated counter-terrorism…
Operation Green Hunt
Operation Green Hunt is the media-coined name for the coordinated central-state…
Operation Twist (RBI)
Operation Twist is an open market operation in which the Reserve Bank of India…
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 are Indian…
P
47 entriesP. C. Mahalanobis
P. C. Mahalanobis was an Indian statistician and physicist who founded the…
P.J. Nayak Committee
The P.J. Nayak Committee was a 2014 Reserve Bank of India panel that reviewed…
Payments Bank
A payments bank is a differentiated bank licensed by the Reserve Bank of India…
People's Biodiversity Register
A People's Biodiversity Register is a documented record of local biological…
People's Plan (1945)
The People's Plan was a 1945 Indian economic blueprint drafted by M. N. Roy…
Periyar Tiger Reserve
Periyar Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Kerala's Western Ghats, declared a…
Permanent Account Number (PAN)
A Permanent Account Number is a ten-character alphanumeric identifier issued by…
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Persistent organic pollutants are toxic, carbon-based chemicals that resist…
Perspective Planning
Perspective planning is the formulation of a long-term economic vision,…
Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher System
The Pinaka is an Indian multi-barrel rocket launcher system developed by the…
Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
The Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 are India's central regulatory…
Plutonium-239
Plutonium-239 is a fissile isotope of plutonium, produced by neutron capture in…
Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary
Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected coastal ecosystem in Tamil…
Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha, 1974)
Pokhran-I, codenamed Smiling Buddha, was India's first nuclear explosion,…
Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti, 1998)
Pokhran-II, codenamed Operation Shakti, was the series of five nuclear tests…
Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti) Nuclear Tests 1998
Pokhran-II was India's series of five nuclear weapon tests conducted at the…
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
The PSLV is an expendable Indian rocket developed by ISRO to place satellites…
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is an expendable Indian launch system…
Policy Rate Corridor
A policy rate corridor is a monetary framework bounding the overnight interbank…
Popular Front of India (PFI) Ban
The Popular Front of India ban is the Indian government's September 2022…
Positive Indigenisation List
A Positive Indigenisation List is an Indian government notification that bars…
Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants
Post-Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants are constitutional transfers India's…
Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana
Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is an Indian government scheme launched in 2015…
Pragyan Rover
Pragyan is the six-wheeled lunar rover deployed by India's Chandrayaan-3…
Prahaar Tactical Missile
Prahaar is a short-range, road-mobile, solid-fuelled surface-to-surface…
Pre-Packaged Insolvency Resolution Process
The Pre-Packaged Insolvency Resolution Process is an India-specific…
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
A Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water as…
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 is India's principal…
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 is an Indian statute that…
Preventive Detention under Article 22
Preventive detention under Article 22 of the Indian Constitution permits the…
Primary Deficit
The primary deficit is the fiscal deficit of a government minus the interest…
Prime Editing
Prime editing is a CRISPR-derived genome-editing technique that writes new…
Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure
The Prior Informed Consent Procedure is a legally binding mechanism under the…
Prithvi Missile
Prithvi is India's first indigenously developed short-range, surface-to-surface…
Project Cheetah (Kuno National Park)
Project Cheetah is India's 2022 programme to reintroduce the cheetah by…
Project Dolphin
Project Dolphin is an Indian government conservation initiative announced in…
Project Elephant
Project Elephant is a centrally sponsored Government of India scheme launched…
Project Lion
Project Lion is an Indian government conservation programme launched in 2020 to…
Project Snow Leopard
Project Snow Leopard is an Indian Government conservation programme launched in…
Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework
Prompt Corrective Action is a supervisory framework under which the Reserve…
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), Kalpakkam
The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is a 500 MWe sodium-cooled fast neutron…
Provisional Attachment of Property under PMLA
Provisional attachment under PMLA is an Enforcement Directorate order…
Provisioning Coverage Ratio (PCR)
The Provisioning Coverage Ratio is the proportion of funds a bank sets aside…
PSLV-XL Configuration
The PSLV-XL is the strap-on-augmented variant of India's Polar Satellite Launch…
Public Account of India
The Public Account of India is the constitutional account under Article 266(2)…
Public Debt
Public debt of India comprises the central government's total liabilities…
Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)
The pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is the world's smallest wild pig, a critically…
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1 entryR
23 entriesRamsar Wetland City Accreditation
Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation is a voluntary international recognition…
Ransomware
Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts a victim's data or locks systems…
Rashtriya Rifles
The Rashtriya Rifles is a counter-insurgency force of the Indian Army raised in…
Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)
The Real Effective Exchange Rate is a trade-weighted average of a currency's…
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology is the set of laboratory methods that join DNA from…
Red Corridor
The Red Corridor is the belt of districts across eastern, central, and southern…
Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is an arboreal mammal of the eastern Himalaya…
Regional Councils of NITI Aayog
Regional Councils are NITI Aayog bodies convened to address specific issues…
Renuka Wetland
Renuka Wetland is a natural freshwater lake in Himachal Pradesh, India,…
Repo Linked Lending Rate (RLLR)
The Repo Linked Lending Rate is a bank lending benchmark in India that is…
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)
The Research and Analysis Wing is India's external intelligence agency,…
Reserve Money (M0)
Reserve Money (M0) is the monetary base created by a central bank, comprising…
Retrospective Taxation
Retrospective taxation is the levying of a tax on transactions or income from a…
Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD / Pushpak)
A Reusable Launch Vehicle is a space transport system whose stages return for…
Revenue Deficit
Revenue deficit is the excess of a government's revenue expenditure over its…
Revenue Expenditure
Revenue expenditure is government spending that neither creates physical or…
Revenue Receipts
Revenue receipts are government incomes that neither create a liability nor…
Reverse Repo Rate
The reverse repo rate is the interest rate at which a central bank borrows…
Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)
The Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation is India's expert body under the…
RISAT Series (Radar Imaging Satellites)
The RISAT series is a family of Indian radar imaging satellites built by ISRO…
RNA Interference (Gene Silencing)
RNA interference is a biological mechanism in which small RNA molecules silence…
Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWEA)
The Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas is an Indian centrally…
Rolling Plan
A rolling plan is a development plan that is revised and extended annually,…
S
47 entriesSagar Prahari Bal
Sagar Prahari Bal is a specialised Indian Navy force raised in 2009 to protect…
Salwa Judum
Salwa Judum was a state-backed armed civilian militia operating from 2005 in…
SAMADHAN Doctrine
SAMADHAN is the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs' eight-pillar strategic…
Sambhar Lake
Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake, located in Rajasthan,…
Sangai (Manipur Brow-Antlered Deer)
The Sangai is a critically endangered subspecies of brow-antlered deer endemic…
SARFAESI Act, 2002
The SARFAESI Act, 2002 empowers Indian banks and financial institutions to…
Sariska Tiger Reserve
Sariska Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Alwar district, Rajasthan, notable…
Sarvodaya Plan (1950)
The Sarvodaya Plan was a Gandhian alternative development scheme drafted in…
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
The Sashastra Seema Bal is an Indian central armed police force responsible for…
Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
The Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota is the Indian Space Research…
Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act
Schedule I lists the species accorded the highest protection under India's…
School Education Quality Index
The School Education Quality Index is a NITI Aayog framework that ranks Indian…
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP)
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy is a state framework that directs…
Section 66A of the IT Act (Shreya Singhal case)
Section 66A of India's Information Technology Act, 2000 criminalised sending…
Securities Transaction Tax (STT)
The Securities Transaction Tax is a direct tax levied in India on the value of…
Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme
The Security Related Expenditure Scheme is a centrally sponsored Indian…
Shekatkar Committee on Defence Reforms
The Shekatkar Committee was an Indian expert panel constituted in 2016 to…
Shillong Accord (1975)
The Shillong Accord was a 1975 agreement under which a faction of the Naga…
Shiv Shakti Point
Shiv Shakti Point is the designated name for the lunar landing site of India's…
Shukla Commission on Border Area Development
The Shukla Commission was a 1997 high-level commission appointed by the Indian…
Silent Valley National Park
Silent Valley National Park is a protected tropical rainforest in Kerala's…
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve is a protected tropical forest area in Mayurbhanj…
Sir Creek Dispute
The Sir Creek Dispute is an unresolved territorial and maritime boundary…
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
Small Modular Reactors are nuclear fission reactors with capacity up to 300 MWe…
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)
The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle is an Indian three-stage solid-fuel rocket…
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)
The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle is the Indian Space Research Organisation's…
SMART (Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo)
SMART is an Indian canister-launched anti-submarine missile system that carries…
Smart Fence Project
The Smart Fence Project is India's deployment of a technology-driven…
Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia)
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is a high-altitude big cat of Central and…
Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
The Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 are India's national framework, notified…
Special Protection Group (SPG)
The Special Protection Group is an armed force of the Union of India created in…
Species Recovery Programme for Great Indian Bustard
The Species Recovery Programme for the Great Indian Bustard is India's…
SRIJAN Defence Indigenisation Portal
SRIJAN is an online portal launched by India's Ministry of Defence to help…
Standing Deposit Facility (SDF)
The Standing Deposit Facility is a Reserve Bank of India instrument that…
State GST (SGST)
State GST (SGST) is the component of India's Goods and Services Tax levied and…
State Pollution Control Board
A State Pollution Control Board is a statutory body constituted under the Water…
Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cell therapy is the clinical use of undifferentiated cells capable of…
Sterilisation of Forex Flows
Sterilisation is a central bank's neutralisation of the domestic money-supply…
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a 2001 global…
Stressed Assets Restructuring
Stressed assets restructuring is the regulated process by which lenders modify…
Sundarban Wetland Ramsar Site
The Sundarban Wetland is India's largest Ramsar Site, a mangrove ecosystem in…
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve is a protected mangrove ecosystem in India's…
Sundarbans National Park
Sundarbans National Park is a tiger reserve, biosphere reserve, and UNESCO…
Sundarbans Tiger Reserve
The Sundarbans Tiger Reserve is a protected mangrove ecosystem in West Bengal,…
Surcharge
A surcharge is an additional tax levied on the tax payable by high-income…
Surplus and Deficit Liquidity Conditions
Surplus and deficit liquidity conditions describe whether the banking system…
Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation Policy for LWE Cadres
India's Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation Policy is a Union scheme offering…
T
21 entriesTAPAS-BH-201 (Rustom) UAV
TAPAS-BH-201 is an indigenous Indian medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned…
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
Tarapur Atomic Power Station is India's oldest operating nuclear power plant,…
Tax Buoyancy
Tax buoyancy measures the responsiveness of total tax revenue to changes in…
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS)
Tax Deducted at Source is an Indian direct-tax mechanism requiring the payer of…
Tax Elasticity
Tax elasticity measures the percentage change in tax revenue arising from a one…
Tax Expenditure (Revenue Foregone)
A tax expenditure is government revenue foregone through exemptions,…
Tax-to-GDP Ratio
The tax-to-GDP ratio measures a government's total tax revenue as a percentage…
Team India Hub (NITI Aayog)
The Team India Hub is the NITI Aayog division that coordinates with Indian…
Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
The Tejas Light Combat Aircraft is a single-engine, multirole fourth-generation…
Terror Funding and Fake Currency (TFFC) Cell, NIA
The Terror Funding and Fake Currency Cell is a specialised investigative unit…
Theatre Command (Integrated Tri-Service Commands)
A theatre command is a unified military structure that places army, navy, and…
Theatre Commands
Theatre commands are integrated military formations placing all army, navy, and…
Thorium Fuel Cycle
The thorium fuel cycle is a nuclear fuel sequence in which fertile thorium-232…
Thorium Reserves of India (Monazite Sands)
India holds roughly a quarter of the world's thorium, concentrated in…
Three Year Action Agenda
The Three Year Action Agenda was NITI Aayog's 2017–2020 medium-term policy…
Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
India's Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme is a phased strategy to harness the…
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)
The Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station is an Indian sounding-rocket…
Transnational Organised Crime
Transnational organised crime is profit-driven criminal activity conducted by…
Trishul Missile
Trishul was a short-range, quick-reaction surface-to-air missile developed…
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17)
The Twelfth Five Year Plan was India's final national five-year plan, covering…
Twin Balance Sheet Problem
The Twin Balance Sheet Problem describes the simultaneous stress on the balance…
U
17 entriesU R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)
The U R Rao Satellite Centre is the Indian Space Research Organisation's lead…
U.K. Sinha Committee on MSMEs
The U.K. Sinha Committee was a Reserve Bank of India expert panel constituted…
UAPA (Amendment) Act, 2019
The UAPA (Amendment) Act, 2019 amended India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention)…
UAPA (Amendment) Act, 2019
The UAPA (Amendment) Act, 2019 amended India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention)…
Umbrella Species
An umbrella species is a species whose protection, owing to its large area or…
UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Convention)
The Palermo Convention is the United Nations' principal multilateral treaty…
UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy is a 2006 General Assembly resolution…
UNCCD COP14 New Delhi
UNCCD COP14 was the fourteenth Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention…
Union of India v. Mohit Minerals (2022)
Union of India v. Mohit Minerals (2022) is a Supreme Court of India ruling that…
United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)
The United Liberation Front of Asom is an armed separatist organisation founded…
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
The UNCCD is a 1994 legally binding international treaty addressing land…
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA)
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 is India's principal anti-terror…
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA)
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 is India's principal…
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Tribunal
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Tribunal is a one-member judicial body in…
Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL)
The Uranium Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise under…
Uranium-233
Uranium-233 is a fissile isotope of uranium bred from thorium-232 by neutron…
Urjit Patel Committee
The Urjit Patel Committee was a 2013–14 Reserve Bank of India expert panel that…
V
15 entriesValley of Flowers National Park
Valley of Flowers National Park is a high-altitude alpine meadow national park…
Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam / Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023
The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023 is an Indian statute that amended…
Variable Rate Repo and Reverse Repo
Variable Rate Repo and Reverse Repo are RBI auction-based liquidity operations…
Vibrant Villages Programme
The Vibrant Villages Programme is an Indian centrally sponsored scheme to…
Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v. Union of India (PMLA Judgment)
Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v. Union of India is the 2022 Supreme Court judgment…
Vikas Engine
The Vikas engine is an Indian liquid-propellant rocket engine developed by ISRO…
Vikram Lander
Vikram is the soft-landing module of India's Chandrayaan lunar missions, built…
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is the Indian Space Research Organisation's…
Viral Vector Vaccine
A viral vector vaccine uses a modified, harmless virus to deliver genetic…
Visvesvaraya's Planned Economy for India (1934)
Planned Economy for India is a 1934 book by M. Visvesvaraya advocating…
Vivad se Vishwas Scheme
The Vivad se Vishwas Scheme is an Indian government direct-tax…
Vodafone International v. Union of India (2012)
Vodafone International v. Union of India (2012) was an Indian Supreme Court…
VSHORADS (Very Short Range Air Defence System)
VSHORADS is a man-portable, infrared-guided short-range surface-to-air missile…
Vulture Conservation Action Plan
The Vulture Conservation Action Plan is India's national policy framework to…
Vyommitra
Vyommitra is a half-humanoid robot developed by ISRO to fly on uncrewed…
W
9 entriesWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 is an Indian statute…
Western Tragopan
The Western Tragopan is an endangered Himalayan pheasant endemic to the…
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
The Wholesale Price Index measures the average change in prices of goods traded…
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2022
The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2022 is an Indian statute that revised…
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau is a statutory multidisciplinary body under…
Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
The Wildlife Institute of India is an autonomous national institution under…
Wilful Defaulter
A wilful defaulter is a borrower who deliberately fails to repay a loan despite…
Wise Use Concept (Ramsar)
Wise use is the Ramsar Convention's principle requiring the maintenance of…
Wular Lake
Wular Lake is a freshwater lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India, designated a…
