Diplomacy & Politics Glossary

A temporary court established to prosecute specific crimes or conflicts, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

Standards used by international courts or bodies to determine whether a case or complaint can be heard or reviewed.

Non-binding legal advice issued by an international court or tribunal upon request by authorized UN organs or agencies.

A Latin term meaning 'friend of the court'; a person or group offering information or expertise to assist a court in deciding a case.

A procedural entitlement allowing a party to appeal a decision to a higher court without needing permission or leave.

Jurisdiction that a court exercises over parties without their prior consent, typically under treaty provisions. It enables international courts to hear disputes mandatorily.

The situation where more than one court or tribunal has the authority to adjudicate the same dispute. It often occurs between domestic and international jurisdictions.

Consent by a state to a court’s jurisdiction after proceedings have begun, allowing adjudication despite initial lack of jurisdictional consent.

The practice by parties to a dispute of choosing the most favorable court or tribunal in which to bring their legal case.

A dispute resolution process where states submit their conflict to an arbitral tribunal for a binding decision outside of courts.

Temporary orders issued by international courts or tribunals to preserve rights or prevent harm pending final judgment.

Interim measures of protection are temporary orders by international courts to prevent harm or preserve rights pending a final decision.

An international arbitration institution facilitating dispute resolution between foreign investors and states.

A specialized judicial body established to adjudicate disputes arising out of the interpretation and application of UNCLOS.

Mechanisms through which states resolve conflicts peacefully, including negotiation, mediation, and adjudication.

Optional clause declarations are unilateral commitments by states accepting the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice as compulsory in legal disputes.

An intergovernmental organization providing a forum for resolving international disputes through arbitration and other peaceful means.

Temporary orders issued by international courts to preserve rights or prevent harm pending final judgment.

Urgent orders issued by international courts to prevent irreparable harm before a final decision is made. They aim to preserve rights and prevent escalation during disputes.

Substantive jurisdiction is the authority of a court or tribunal to hear and decide cases concerning specific subject matters or legal issues.