Diplomacy & Politics Glossary

Jurisdiction exercised by a state or international body based on specific functions or activities rather than territorial or personal grounds.

Consent to be bound by a treaty inferred from a state's conduct rather than explicit signature or ratification. It reflects practical acceptance of treaty obligations.

Fundamental principles of international law that are universally recognized and cannot be violated by any state.

A legal doctrine where specific law overrides general law when both apply to a case.

A rule that a more specific law overrides a more general law when both apply to the same situation.

A fundamental rule requiring equal treatment of persons or entities without unjustified distinctions in law or policy. It underpins many human rights and trade agreements.

The proportionality test assesses whether a limitation on a human right is suitable, necessary, and balanced against the legitimate aim pursued.