Diplomacy & Politics Glossary

A constitutional requirement that certain presidential appointments and treaties must be approved by the legislative body before taking effect.

A constitutional convention where all cabinet members must publicly support and defend decisions made by the cabinet, even if they privately disagree.

An international agreement made by the executive branch without requiring legislative approval. It allows the executive to manage foreign relations efficiently within certain limits.

The annual budget plan submitted by the executive branch outlining government spending priorities and revenue estimates.

The power of the executive to grant pardons or reduce sentences for individuals convicted of crimes.

A directive issued by the executive branch that manages operations of the government and has the force of law without needing legislative approval.

The right claimed by executive branch officials to withhold information from the legislature or judiciary to preserve confidential communications or national security.

A principle allowing the executive branch to withhold certain communications from other branches to protect confidentiality and national interest.

A mechanism allowing a legislature to nullify or reject actions taken by the executive branch, often without full legislative approval. It serves as a check on executive power.

An executive branch structure where multiple officials are independently elected rather than a single chief executive.

An indirect veto by the executive, occurring when a bill is not signed within the time allowed and the legislature is not in session.

A form of government where the executive branch is separate from the legislature, and the president is both head of state and government.

The power of the president to reject a bill passed by the legislature, preventing it from becoming law unless overridden.

A government system where executive power is divided between a directly elected president and a prime minister accountable to the legislature.

A group of opposition party members who scrutinize and offer alternative policies to the government ministers.