Diplomacy & Politics Glossary

A constitutional requirement that certain presidential appointments and treaties must be approved by the legislative body before taking effect.

The power of the executive to grant pardons or reduce sentences for individuals convicted of crimes.

The right claimed by executive branch officials to withhold information from the legislature or judiciary to preserve confidential communications or national security.

A principle allowing the executive branch to withhold certain communications from other branches to protect confidentiality and national interest.

Mechanisms by which state institutions hold each other accountable to prevent abuse of power within the government.

The process by which judges are selected and confirmed to serve on courts, often involving nomination by the executive and approval by the legislature.

Judicial restraint limits courts from overturning laws unless they clearly violate the constitution, emphasizing respect for legislative decisions.

The process by which legislative bodies monitor and supervise government agencies and officials to ensure laws are implemented properly and to prevent abuse of power.

A mechanism allowing a legislature to nullify or reject actions taken by the executive branch, often without full legislative approval. It serves as a check on executive power.

A legislative process where the legislature votes to overturn an executive veto, typically requiring a supermajority to succeed.

The legislature's constitutional authority to control government spending and taxation.

The power of the president to reject a bill passed by the legislature, preventing it from becoming law unless overridden.

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent concentration of power and provide checks and balances.

The constitutional power of an executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature, preventing it from becoming law without further legislative action.