Bangladesh in the World — Glossary

The Adani Godda plant is a 1,496 MW coal-fired power station in Jharkhand, India, built exclusively to export electricity to Bangladesh under a 25-year agreement.

Adaptation finance is funding directed at helping countries and communities adjust to the actual and expected impacts of climate change to reduce vulnerability.

The Akhaura-Agartala cross-border rail link is a 12.24-km railway connecting Bangladesh's Akhaura junction with Agartala in India's Tripura, inaugurated in November 2023.

The Akhaura–Agartala rail link is a 12.24-km cross-border railway connecting Bangladesh's Akhaura with India's Agartala, jointly inaugurated by Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina and Narendra Modi on 1 November 2023.

The Arakan Army is an ethnic Rakhine armed insurgent group fighting Myanmar's military for autonomy in Rakhine State, increasingly controlling territory along the Bangladesh–Myanmar border.

The Arakan Army is an ethnic Rakhine insurgent group fighting Myanmar's military for autonomy in Rakhine State, directly affecting Bangladesh's border security and the Rohingya question.

An Arrangement on Return is a bilateral or multilateral instrument under which states agree on procedures for the readmission, repatriation, or return of nationals, refugees, or migrants to their country of origin.

August 2019 denotes a cluster of decisive geopolitical events in South Asia, principally India's abrogation of Article 370 conferring special status on Jammu and Kashmir.

August 2024 was the month in which Bangladesh's Awami League government collapsed and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina fled, ending fifteen years of rule.

The Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund is a government-financed national fund, established under the Climate Change Trust Act 2010, to finance domestic adaptation and mitigation projects.

The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern arm of the Indian Ocean, the world's largest bay, bordered by India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement is a 2015 sub-regional treaty among Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal permitting seamless cross-border movement of passenger, personal and cargo vehicles.

Bhasan Char is a low-lying silt island in the Bay of Bengal developed by Bangladesh to relocate Rohingya refugees from the overcrowded Cox's Bazar camps.

The BIMSTEC Secretariat is the permanent administrative and coordinating body of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The Climate Vulnerable Forum is an intergovernmental partnership of developing countries highly threatened by climate change that advocates for ambitious global emissions cuts and climate finance.

A Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) is a wide-ranging bilateral trade treaty covering goods, services, investment and economic cooperation beyond conventional tariff-cutting free trade agreements.

Continuity-and-change is a historiographical analytical lens that weighs the persistence of older structures, institutions and ideas against their transformation across a defined period.

COP27 was the 27th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, held at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in November 2022.

COP28 was the 28th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, held in Dubai, UAE, in 2023, which delivered the first Global Stocktake and a pledge to transition away from fossil fuels.

Current affairs is the body of recent national and international events, policies, and developments that competitive examinations test to assess a candidate's awareness of contemporary governance and global trends.

Dhaka is the capital and largest city of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, serving as the seat of national government and the country's administrative, commercial, and diplomatic centre.

Everything But Arms (EBA) is the European Union's preferential trade scheme granting duty-free, quota-free access to all imports from Least Developed Countries except armaments.

The Farakka Barrage is an Indian diversion structure on the Ganga in West Bengal, commissioned in 1975, that regulates dry-season flows shared between India and Bangladesh.

The G77+China is the largest intergovernmental coalition of developing states at the United Nations, formed in 1964 to advance collective economic interests through bloc negotiation.

The Ganges Water Sharing Treaty is the 1996 India-Bangladesh agreement fixing the dry-season sharing of Ganges waters measured at the Farakka Barrage.

India is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic in South Asia, governed by the Constitution of 1950, and the world's most populous nation.

The Indo-Pacific Outlook is Bangladesh's foreign-policy vision document, released in April 2023, articulating its principles and objectives for engagement in the Indo-Pacific region.

Japan is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy in East Asia, the world's third- or fourth-largest economy, governed under its 1947 Constitution.

Kathmandu is the capital and largest city of Nepal, seat of its federal government and the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).

LDC graduation is the United Nations process by which a country exits the Least Developed Countries category, with Bangladesh scheduled to graduate on 24 November 2026.

Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi economist, Nobel laureate, and pioneer of microcredit who became Chief Adviser of Bangladesh's interim government in August 2024.

The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) is the post-2025 climate finance target adopted at COP29 in 2024, replacing the earlier USD 100 billion annual goal.

November 2026 is the eleventh month of the Gregorian year 2026, a calendar period serving as a reference point for scheduled elections, treaty deadlines, fiscal milestones, and anniversaries relevant to Bangladesh and global affairs.

Russia is a transcontinental Eurasian state, successor to the Soviet Union and the world's largest country by area, a permanent UN Security Council member and nuclear-armed great power.

The South Asian Free Trade Area is a SAARC-administered trade pact, signed in 2004 and effective 2006, that progressively eliminates tariffs among eight South Asian member states.

The Teesta is a 414-kilometre trans-boundary river rising in Sikkim and flowing through West Bengal into Bangladesh, where its long-disputed water-sharing remains unresolved.

The USD 100 billion per year is the climate finance pledge by which developed countries committed to mobilise that sum annually by 2020 to support developing-country mitigation and adaptation.