An Observer State is a non-member entity granted standing access to United Nations proceedings, including the right to attend General Assembly sessions, speak in debates, co-sponsor draft resolutions, and circulate documents — but without the right to vote on resolutions or stand for election to UN organs.
The status is conferred by a UN General Assembly resolution rather than by treaty. There are currently two Non-member Observer States: the Holy See (observer since 1964, upgraded in various capacities since) and the State of Palestine, which was granted "non-member observer State" status by UNGA Resolution 67/19 on 29 November 2012 (138 in favor, 9 against, 41 abstentions), replacing its prior "observer entity" status held since 1974.
Observer status is distinct from full membership under Article 4 of the UN Charter, which requires Security Council recommendation and a two-thirds GA vote. Because the Council's permanent five hold a veto, observer status is often a practical alternative for territories whose statehood is contested. Palestine, for example, has sought full membership repeatedly; its 2011 application stalled in the Security Council.
Beyond states, the UN also recognizes observer organizations (such as the African Union, the European Union — which holds enhanced observer rights under UNGA Resolution 65/276 of 2011 — and the ICRC). These are governed by separate arrangements and should not be confused with Observer State status.
In Model UN, Observer States are commonly assigned in GA committees. Delegates representing the Holy See or Palestine should remember they:
- Can make speeches, raise points, submit amendments, and sign onto draft resolutions
- Cannot vote on substantive matters or procedural motions in the GA plenary
- May vote in certain subsidiary bodies depending on conference rules — always check the background guide
Practically, Observer States often punch above their weight diplomatically by building coalitions, leveraging moral authority (the Holy See) or solidarity blocs (Palestine within the G77 and OIC).
Example
In 2012, UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19 upgraded Palestine to "non-member observer State" status, joining the Holy See in that category.