Populism & Democratic Backsliding — Glossary

The gradual erosion of democratic institutions and norms, leading to increased autocratic control without an outright coup. It often involves weakening [Checks and Balances](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/glossary/checks-and-balances) and restricting civil liberties.

The hypothesis that democracies are less likely to engage in [Armed Conflict](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/glossary/armed-conflict) with one another due to shared norms and institutional constraints.

The idea that elected officials should physically resemble the demographic characteristics of their constituents.

An independent body responsible for overseeing the conduct, fairness, and logistics of elections to ensure integrity and public trust.

The adherence to democratic principles and fairness in the conduct of elections, including transparency, accuracy, and freedom from fraud or coercion.

A situation where political parties or branches of government cannot agree, preventing lawmaking or [Policy Implementation](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/glossary/policy-implementation).

Levitsky and Ziblatt identified regimes combining authoritarian practices with nominal democratic institutions, undermining genuine competition.

The stability and strength of political parties and their relationships within a political system over time. High institutionalization promotes predictable politics.

The distribution of resources or favors by politicians to supporters in exchange for political support. It can undermine democratic fairness and accountability.

The percentage of eligible voters who participate in an election by casting a ballot.