Deng Xiaoping — Glossary

Efforts and policies aimed at changing the rules and procedures that determine how candidates qualify to appear on election ballots. These reforms seek to increase fairness and reduce barriers to candidacy.

Fidel Castro's policy redistributing land from large estates to peasants to promote social equity in Cuba.

Efforts to improve the efficiency, accountability, and professionalism of government employees by changing hiring and management practices.

Soviet policy of increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities introduced in the 1980s under Mikhail Gorbachev.

A Soviet policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev promoting openness and transparency in government institutions and freedom of information.

Economic and political restructuring policy initiated in the Soviet Union during the 1980s aimed at reforming the communist system.

Processes aimed at improving a state's security institutions to be effective, accountable, and aligned with democratic norms.

A designated area within a state with distinct economic regulations to attract foreign investment and trade.

Economic policies imposed by international financial institutions on developing countries to promote market liberalization and fiscal discipline.

Economic policies imposed by international financial institutions requiring developing countries to implement reforms in exchange for loans.