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The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) occupy Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Constitution and were borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had in turn drawn on the Spanish Republican Constitution. The Drafting Committee, under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, conceived them as 'instruments of instructions' to the State - the same phrase used in the Government of India Act, 1935. Article 37 is the operative clause: the Directives are not enforceable by any court, yet they are 'fundamental in the governance of the country' and it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws. Ambedkar, in the Constituent Assembly on 19 November 1948, called them a 'novel feature' that would compel every government, whatever its party, to answer for them at the polls.
The DPSPs are conventionally grouped into three strands.
The 42nd Amendment, 1976 added Articles 39A, 43A and 48A and, critically, amended Article 31C to give precedence to laws implementing any DPSP over Articles 14 and 19. The 44th Amendment, 1978 strengthened Article 38(2). The 86th Amendment, 2002 transformed Article 45 and created Article 21A (right to education as a Fundamental Right), illustrating how a Directive (old Article 45) can mature into an enforceable right. Candidates should note that Article 335 (claims of SC/ST in services), Article 350A (mother-tongue instruction) and Article 351 (development of Hindi) function as directives outside Part IV but echo its spirit. The judiciary has repeatedly read DPSPs into Article 21 - Unni Krishnan v. State of A.P. (1993) derived the right to education from Articles 41 and 45 before its codification.
The relationship between justiciable Fundamental Rights (Part III) and non-justiciable Directives (Part IV) is the single most tested theme in this chapter, traced through a line of judgments. In State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951), the Supreme Court held that in any conflict the Fundamental Rights would prevail and DPSPs must run subsidiary - prompting the First Amendment, 1951 which added Article 15(4). The pendulum swung in Golak Nath (1967), then in Kesavananda Bharati (1973) the Court evolved the basic structure doctrine, holding that the balance between Parts III and IV is itself part of the basic structure.
The 42nd Amendment had expanded Article 31C to protect laws implementing all DPSPs; in Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) the Court struck this expansion down, restoring the position that Article 31C protects only laws giving effect to Article 39(b) and (c). Chief Justice Chandrachud's formulation endures: the Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between Parts III and IV; to give absolute primacy to one over the other is to disturb the harmony. In Unni Krishnan (1993) and Olga Tellis (1985) the Court used the doctrine of harmonious construction to read Directives into the right to life.
The Fundamental Duties were not in the original Constitution. They were added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976 as Part IVA, Article 51A, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee (1976). Ten duties were originally enumerated; an eleventh - the duty of a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to a child between 6 and 14 - was added by the 86th Amendment, 2002. The duties include cherishing the noble ideals of the freedom struggle, protecting sovereignty and integrity, defending the country, promoting harmony, preserving composite culture, protecting the environment and forests (Article 51A(g)), developing scientific temper, safeguarding public property, and striving towards excellence.
The Duties are non-justiciable - no court can enforce them directly. Yet the Verma Committee (1999) recommended operationalising them, and the Court in AIIMS Students' Union v. AIIMS (2002) held they are relevant in interpreting constitutional provisions. In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, Article 51A(g) reinforced environmental jurisprudence.
In Prelims GS, expect factual MCQs: which Article carries the UCC (44), which amendment added Fundamental Duties (42nd), how many duties exist now (11), and the source country (Ireland). In Mains GS-2, the high-yield analytical question is the FR-DPSP relationship and the basic-structure balance from Minerva Mills - a recurring PYQ. Examiners reward candidates who quote Articles by number, name the controlling case with its year, and frame DPSPs as the 'conscience of the Constitution' (Granville Austin). Retain the amendment trail (42nd, 44th, 86th) cold; it converts directly into marks.