Indian architecture (temple, Indo-Islamic, colonial)
Survey of Indian architecture: temple styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara), Indo-Islamic synthesis, and colonial idioms, with exam-ready typologies and dated monuments.
The three classical orders
Indian temple architecture is canonically classified in the Vastu and Shilpa Shastras into three orders, a typology the Archaeological Survey of India and NCERT both endorse for examination purposes.
The Nagara style of northern India (roughly 5th century CE onward) is defined by the curvilinear shikhara rising over the sanctum (garbhagriha), the amalaka (ribbed disc) and kalasha finial at its apex, and the absence of an enclosing boundary wall or large gateways. Subtypes include Latina (single curvilinear tower), Phamsana (broad, slab-tiered roofs), and Valabhi (barrel-vaulted). The Lakshmana Temple at Khajuraho (c. 954 CE, Chandela dynasty), the Sun Temple at Konark (c. 1250 CE, Eastern Ganga king Narasimhadeva I), and the Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar exemplify the Kalinga and Central Indian schools.
The Dravida style of the south (matured under the Pallavas and Cholas) is enclosed within a compound wall pierced by towering gopurams (gateway towers), and its pyramidal tower over the sanctum is the vimana, capped by a domed shikhara and a stupika finial. The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram (Pallava, c. 700-728 CE), the Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram, and above all the Brihadishvara (Rajarajeshvara) Temple at Thanjavur (completed 1010 CE by Rajaraja I, a UNESCO 'Great Living Chola Temple') are canonical.
The Vesara (hybrid) style of the Deccan blended Nagara and Dravida elements under the Chalukyas of Badami and reached refinement under the Hoysalas. Hoysala temples at Belur, Halebidu, and Somnathpura (the Chennakeshava and Hoysaleshvara, 12th-13th centuries) sit on raised star-shaped (stellate) platforms (jagati) with soapstone friezes of unmatched intricacy.
Rock-cut and structural evolution
The earliest surviving Indian architecture is rock-cut: the Barabar caves (Mauryan, dedicated by Ashoka to the Ajivikas, 3rd century BCE), the Buddhist chaityas and viharas at Ajanta and Karle, and the apogee at Ellora, where the Kailasa temple (Cave 16, Rashtrakuta king Krishna I, c. 760 CE) was carved monolithically top-down from a single basalt cliff. Ellora is notable for its co-existence of Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain caves, a syllabus-favoured marker of religious pluralism.
