Defending Democracy

Building Resilient Institutions

Constitutional design can make backsliding harder. Key features include: distributed power — federalism, bicameralism, and independent agencies that prevent any single election from controlling all institutions. Constitutional rigidity — requiring supermajorities, multiple legislative sessions, or referendums to amend fundamental rights. Independent oversight — electoral commissions, anti-corruption bodies, and ombudsmen with genuine independence and enforcement power.

But institutions alone are insufficient. Hungary had a constitution, an independent court, and EU membership — none prevented Orban's power grab. Institutions need defenders: judges who resist pressure, civil servants who enforce rules impartially, and military and security forces that refuse politicization.

Civil Society and Citizens

Research consistently shows that civil society — independent organizations, free media, activist networks, and professional associations — is the strongest predictor of democratic resilience. Countries with dense civil society networks are far less vulnerable to backsliding.

Opposition unity matters enormously. Authoritarian-leaning incumbents benefit from fragmented oppositions. In Hungary, the opposition's failure to unite until 2022 allowed Fidesz to win supermajorities with minority vote shares. When opposition forces do unite — as in Poland's 2023 elections — they can defeat even entrenched incumbents.

International pressure can help but has limits. EU conditionality worked well during accession (prospective members reformed to join) but poorly after accession (existing members face few consequences for backsliding). External pressure is most effective when it reinforces domestic movements, not when it substitutes for them.