Constitutional Crises
What happens when constitutional rules fail — disputed elections, executive overreach, constitutional coups, and how democracies survive (or do not survive) their crises.
When the Constitution Cannot Answer the Question
A constitutional crisis occurs when the existing constitutional framework cannot resolve a political dispute — either because the rules are ambiguous, the actors refuse to follow them, or the situation was not anticipated by the framers. The 2000 US presidential election, where the outcome depended on contested ballot counting in Florida, was a constitutional crisis that the Supreme Court resolved (controversially) in Bush v. Gore.
More dangerous are crises where actors deliberately violate constitutional norms. When President Trump supporters stormed the US Capitol on January 6, 2021, attempting to prevent the certification of electoral votes, it was an assault on the constitutional transfer of power. When Turkey's President Erdogan survived a coup attempt in 2016, he used emergency powers to purge tens of thousands of judges, teachers, and officials — stretching the constitution's emergency provisions far beyond their intended scope.