Leaders & Thinkers
The Reference Library
Leaders & Thinkers Glossary
Key terms and definitions for leaders & thinkers. Every concept links to a full explanation — a reference for students, delegates, and researchers.
- Terms
- 492 terms
- Categories
- 1 category
A
28 entries- Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
- Abiy Ahmed
- Adam Smith's Invisible Hand
- Agonistic Pluralism
- Alassane Ouattara
- Alberto Fujimori
- Alexander Lukashenko
- Alienation
- ANC Youth League
- Andrés Manuel López Obrador
- Angela Merkel
- Anthony Albanese
- António Guterres
- António Salazar
- Anwar Sadat
- Arendtian Banality of Evil
- Arendtian Eichmann in Jerusalem
- Arendtian Eichmann Trial Analysis
- Arendtian Natality
- Arendtian Political Action
- Arendtian Totalitarianism
- Arendtian Vita Activa
- Ariel Sharon
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- Augusto Pinochet
- Aung San Suu Kyi
- Ayatollah Khamenei
- Ayatollah Khomeini
B
20 entries- Ban Ki-moon
- Barack Obama
- Bashar al-Assad
- Beatrice Webb's Social Reform
- Benazir Bhutto
- Benito Mussolini
- Benjamin Netanyahu
- Bill Clinton
- Biopolitics
- Biopower
- Blaise Compaoré
- Bola Tinubu
- Boris Johnson
- Boris Yeltsin
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali
- Brian Mulroney
- Burkean Conservatism
- Burkean Skepticism
- Burkean Sublimity
- Burkean Tradition
C
29 entries- Capital in the Twenty-First Century
- Cardinal Richelieu
- Castro’s Agrarian Reform
- Castro's Agrarian Reform Law
- Castro’s Cuban Socialism
- Castro’s Guerrilla Warfare
- Castro's Guerrilla Warfare Tactics
- Castro’s Literacy Campaign
- Catallactics
- Charles de Gaulle
- Charles Michel
- Charles Taylor
- Che Guevara's Foco Theory
- Che Guevara’s foco Theory
- Che Guevara’s Guerrilla Warfare
- Chiang Kai-shek
- Chomsky's Manufacturing Consent
- Christine Lagarde
- Churchillian Iron Curtain
- Churchillian Wartime Leadership
- Civic Republicanism
- Civil Disobedience
- Clement Attlee
- Comparative Advantage
- Constructivist International Relations
- Corazon Aquino
- Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
- Cultural Revolution
- Cyril Ramaphosa
D
26 entries- Dag Hammarskjöld Doctrine
- Dag Hammarskjöld’s Quiet Diplomacy
- Daniel arap Moi
- Daniel Ortega
- David Ben-Gurion
- David Cameron
- De Gaulle’s Fifth Republic
- De Gaulle’s National Independence
- De Gaulle's National Resistance
- De Gaulle’s National Sovereignty
- De Gaulle’s National Sovereignty Doctrine
- De Gaulle’s National Sovereignty Doctrine
- Decolonization
- Deng Xiaoping's Economic Reforms
- Dependency Theory
- Derrida's Deconstruction
- Desmond Tutu
- Dialectical Materialism
- Dictatorship of the Proletariat
- Dilma Rousseff
- Discourse Ethics
- Distributive Justice
- Division of Labor
- Donald Trump
- Donald Tusk
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
E
18 entries- Economic Calculation Problem
- Economic Inequality
- Economic Liberalism
- Economic Nationalism
- Economic Rent
- Eleanor Roosevelt’s Human Rights Advocacy
- Eleanor Roosevelt's Human Rights Universalism
- Eleanor Roosevelt’s Human Rights Universalism
- Eleanor Roosevelt's Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
- Emmanuel Macron
- Emmerson Mnangagwa
- End of History Thesis
- Enrique Peña Nieto
- Ernesto "Che" Guevara
- Ethics of Care
- Evo Morales
- Existentialism in Politics
F
24 entries- F.W. de Klerk
- Falklands War
- False Consciousness
- Fanon's Decolonization Theory
- FDR's Four Freedoms
- FDR’s Four Freedoms
- FDR’s New Deal
- FDR's New Deal Coalition
- Felipe González
- Feminist Intersectionality
- Feminist Standpoint Theory
- Ferdinand Marcos
- Fidel Castro
- Foucault's Governmentality
- Four Freedoms
- Francisco Franco
- François Hollande
- François Mitterrand
- Frederik Willem Botha
- Freedom Charter
- Friedman’s Monetarism
- Friedman's Monetarist Theory
- Friedman’s Permanent Income Hypothesis
- Fumio Kishida
G
17 entriesH
27 entries- Habermas' Communicative Action
- Habib Bourguiba
- Hafez al-Assad
- Haile Selassie
- Harm Principle
- Harry S. Truman
- Hassan Rouhani
- Hayek's Knowledge Problem
- Hayek's Road to Serfdom
- Hayek's Spontaneous Order
- Hayekian Price Signals
- Helen Clark
- Helmut Kohl
- Helmut Schmidt
- Hirohito
- Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
- Historical Materialism
- Ho Chi Minh
- Ho Chi Minh's National Liberation
- Ho Chi Minh’s People’s War
- Hobbesian Leviathan
- Hobbesian Social Contract
- Hosni Mubarak
- Hu Jintao
- Hugo Banzer
- Hugo Chávez
- Hun Sen
I
6 entriesJ
24 entries- Jacinda Ardern
- Jacob Zuma
- Jacques Chirac
- Jair Bolsonaro
- Janez Janša
- Javier Milei
- Jean-Claude Juncker
- Jens Stoltenberg
- Jiang Zemin
- Jimmy Carter
- Joe Biden
- John F. Kennedy
- John Howard
- Joko Widodo
- Jomo Kenyatta
- José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
- Josep Borrell
- Joseph Kabila
- Joseph Stalin
- Juan Domingo Perón
- Juan Guaidó
- Julius Nyerere
- Junichiro Koizumi
- Justin Trudeau
K
22 entries- Keir Starmer
- Kevin Rudd
- Keynesian Demand Management
- Keynesian Economics
- Keynesian Fiscal Stimulus
- Keynesian Liquidity Preference
- Keynesian Liquidity Trap
- Keynesian Multiplier
- Kim Il-sung
- Kim Jong-il
- King Abdullah II
- King Hussein of Jordan
- King Salman
- King's Just Peace Theory
- Kissinger's Realpolitik
- Klemens von Metternich
- Kofi Annan’s Human Security
- Kofi Annan’s Preventive Diplomacy
- Kofi Annan’s Responsibility to Protect
- Konrad Adenauer
- Kristalina Georgieva
- Kurt Waldheim
L
19 entries- Laclau and Mouffe's Radical Democracy
- Laissez-Faire
- Lasswell's Power Elite Theory
- Laurent Gbagbo
- Lech Wałęsa
- Lee Kuan Yew
- Leon Trotsky
- Leonid Brezhnev
- Léopold Sédar Senghor
- Lester B. Pearson
- Levitsky and Ziblatt's Competitive Authoritarianism
- Liberal Feminism
- Lippmann's Public Opinion Theory
- Lockean Consent Theory
- Lockean Natural Rights
- Lockean Property Rights
- Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society
M
58 entries- Machiavellian Fortuna
- Machiavellian Virtù
- Machiavellianism
- Macky Sall
- Mahathir Mohamad
- Mahmoud Abbas
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
- Malcolm X
- Malcolm X's Black Nationalism
- Mandela Effect
- Mandela’s Reconciliation
- Mandela's Truth and Reconciliation
- Mandela’s Truth and Reconciliation
- Mandela’s Ubuntu Leadership
- Mandela’s Ubuntu Leadership
- Mandela's Ubuntu Philosophy
- Manmohan Singh
- Manuel Noriega
- Mao Zedong
- Mao's Cultural Revolution
- Mao's People's War
- Maoism
- Maoist Protracted People’s War
- Margaret Thatcher
- Mario Draghi
- Mark Rutte
- Market Economy
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- Marxist Alienation
- Marxist Base and Superstructure
- Marxist Historical Materialism
- Mary Robinson
- Mauricio Macri
- Mearsheimer's Offensive Realism
- Meles Zenawi
- Menachem Begin
- Mengistu Haile Mariam
- Mercantilism
- Michelle Bachelet
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Mill's Harm Principle
- Mill's Liberty Principle
- Mill's Utilitarian Calculus
- Millian Liberty
- Millian Liberty Principle
- Millian Utilitarianism
- Mobutu Sese Seko
- Mohammad Mossadegh
- Mohammed bin Salman
- Mohammed VI of Morocco
- Monetarism
- Moon Jae-in
- Muammar al-Qaddafi
- Muammar Gaddafi
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Muhammadu Buhari
- Multiplier Effect
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
N
21 entries- Narendra Modi
- Negative Capability
- Negritude Movement
- Nehruvian Non-Alignment
- Nehruvian Secular Nationalism
- Nehruvian Secular Socialism
- Nehruvian Socialism
- Nelson Mandela
- Neoliberalism
- Neville Chamberlain
- Nicolás Maduro
- Nicolas Sarkozy
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Nkrumah’s Neo-Colonialism
- Nkrumah’s Neo-Colonialism Critique
- Nkrumah’s Pan-African Socialism
- Nkrumah’s Pan-African Socialism
- Nkrumah’s Pan-Africanism
- Nonviolent Resistance
- Norodom Sihanouk
- Nussbaum's Capabilities Approach
O
6 entriesP
16 entriesR
18 entries- Rafael Correa
- Rajiv Gandhi
- Raúl Castro
- Rawls’ Original Position
- Rawlsian Reflective Equilibrium
- Reaganomics
- Realpolitik
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- Reflections on the Revolution in France
- Revolutionary Socialism
- Richard Nixon
- Rishi Sunak
- Robert Mugabe
- Rodrigo Duterte
- Ronald Reagan
- Rosa Parks
- Rousseau's General Will
- Rousseau's Social Contract
S
37 entries- Saddam Hussein
- Salvador Allende
- Sanna Marin
- Satyagraha
- Scott Morrison
- Self-Interest
- Selma to Montgomery March
- Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
- Sharpeville Massacre
- Sheikh Hasina
- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
- Shimon Peres
- Shinzo Abe
- Silent Majority
- Silvio Berlusconi
- Social Capital
- Social Capital Theory
- Social Contract Theory
- Social Contractarianism
- Social Darwinism
- Social Democracy
- Social Market Economy
- Socialism in One Country
- Socialist Feminism
- Soweto Uprising
- Spontaneous Order
- Stalinist Five-Year Plans
- Stalinist Totalitarianism
- State of Nature
- Stephen Harper
- Stiglitz's Market Failure Theory
- Stiglitzian Information Asymmetry
- Stiglitzian Market Failure
- Subsidiarity
- Suharto
- Sukarno
- Sun Yat-sen
T
49 entries- Tabula Rasa
- Tage Erlander
- Talleyrand
- Technocracy
- Thabo Mbeki
- Thaksin Shinawatra
- Thatcherism
- Thatcherite Economic Liberalism
- Thatcherite Monetarism
- Thatcherite Welfare Reform
- The Banality of Evil
- The Birmingham Campaign
- The Black Panther Party
- The Black Panther Party
- The Civil Rights Act of 1964
- The Cuban Missile Crisis
- The Frankfurt School
- The Freedom Rides
- The Great Leap Forward
- The Great Society
- The Helsinki Accords
- The Iron Curtain
- The Iron Lady
- The Long Telegram
- The March on Washington
- The Marshall Plan
- The New Deal
- The New Deal
- The New International Economic Order
- The Non-Aligned Movement
- The Pan-African Movement
- The Pan-African Movement
- The Prince
- The Social Contract
- The Social Contract
- The Social Market Economy
- The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- The Third Way
- The Tragedy of the Commons
- The Veil of Ignorance
- The Voting Rights Act of 1965
- The Wealth of Nations
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Theresa May
- Third Way
- Third-Way Politics
- Thomas Sankara
- Tony Blair
- Trickle-Down Economics
