Diplomacy & Politics Glossary
Every term you need — from Model UN procedure to international law, economics, and political theory. Clear definitions, real examples, and cross-linked concepts.
2302 terms across 11 categories
Showing 66 terms matching your filters
A
7 termsAnchoring Bias
A cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.
Anchoring Effect
People rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions, even if it is irrelevant or misleading.
Attribution Bias
The tendency to attribute others’ behaviors to their character while attributing one’s own actions to situational factors.
Attribution Error
The tendency to attribute others' actions to their character while attributing one's own actions to external factors.
Attribution Theory
Explains how individuals infer the causes of behaviors and events, affecting interpretation of information.
Availability Cascade
A self-reinforcing process where a collective belief gains more plausibility through repeated public expression.
Availability Heuristic
A cognitive bias where people judge the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind, often leading to distorted perceptions of reality.
B
4 termsBackfire Effect
When presented with evidence contradicting their beliefs, individuals may hold on to their original views even more strongly.
Bias Blind Spot
The tendency to recognize biases in others' thinking while failing to see one's own biases.
Bias Confirmation
The process of favoring information that confirms preexisting beliefs and ignoring contradictory evidence.
Bias Confirmation Loop
A repetitive cycle where exposure to information confirms existing beliefs, reinforcing those beliefs and limiting openness to opposing views.
C
6 termsCognitive Dissonance
The psychological discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or when new information contradicts existing beliefs.
Cognitive Load
The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory during information processing.
Cognitive Load Theory
A framework explaining how the amount of information processed affects learning and decision-making effectiveness.
Cognitive Miser
The tendency to conserve mental energy by relying on shortcuts and heuristics rather than thorough analysis.
Cognitive Reflection Test
A short assessment measuring the tendency to override intuitive responses and engage in reflective thinking.
Contextual Bias
Bias introduced when information is interpreted or presented without considering the full context, leading to misunderstanding or misrepresentation.
D
5 termsData Cherry-Picking
Selecting only data that supports a particular conclusion while ignoring data that contradicts it, leading to biased results.
Decisional Anchoring
The cognitive bias where initial information serves as a reference point influencing subsequent decisions and judgments.
Decisional Framing
Decisional framing shapes how choices are presented to influence perception and decision-making outcomes.
Decisional Framing Bias
The tendency for decision-makers to be influenced by how options are presented rather than the options themselves.
Disconfirmation Bias
The tendency to reject information that contradicts existing beliefs, affecting openness in negotiation and persuasion contexts.
E
3 termsEcho Chamber Effect
A situation where beliefs are amplified by communication and repetition inside a closed system, limiting exposure to differing views.
Emotional Reasoning
A cognitive bias where people believe something is true based on emotional responses rather than objective evidence or logic.
Epistemic Bubble
An informational environment where relevant voices are excluded unintentionally, leading to isolated knowledge and reinforcement of existing beliefs.
F
6 termsFalse Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate how much others share one's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
False Memory
A psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.
Framing Bias
The way information is presented influences decisions and judgments, often leading to different conclusions from the same facts.
Framing Effect in Negotiation
How the presentation of options influences decision-making and agreement outcomes.
Framing Effect in Persuasion
The cognitive bias where people's decisions and judgments are influenced by how information is presented rather than just the facts themselves.
Framing Effects
The influence on decision-making and perception caused by how information or choices are presented or structured.
G
1 termH
2 termsI
3 termsInformation Cascade
A process where individuals adopt beliefs or actions because others have done so, regardless of their own information.
Information Fatigue Syndrome
A state of mental overload and exhaustion caused by exposure to excessive amounts of information, reducing the ability to process and make decisions.
Inoculation Theory
A psychological approach where exposing people to weakened counterarguments strengthens their resistance to persuasion or misinformation.
L
1 termM
2 termsN
4 termsNarrative Bias
The tendency to interpret information in a way that fits a coherent story, sometimes ignoring contradictory evidence.
Narrative Fallacy
Creating a simplified story to explain complex events, ignoring randomness or uncertainty.
Narrative Transportation
The psychological process where individuals become mentally immersed in a story, influencing their beliefs and attitudes.
Negativity Bias
The tendency to focus more on negative information than positive, influencing perception and decision-making.
O
2 termsOstrich Effect
Ignoring or avoiding information perceived as unpleasant or threatening to one’s beliefs or well-being.
Overcoming Confirmation Bias
Overcoming confirmation bias requires actively seeking and considering information that challenges existing beliefs to improve decision-making.
P
8 termsParalysis by Analysis
Overwhelmed by excessive information or options, leading to inability to make decisions.
Peer Influence
The impact of peers on an individual's opinions, beliefs, or behaviors, especially in social media contexts.
Polarization Spiral
A growing division in opinions and beliefs caused by social influence and selective exposure to information.
Primacy and Recency Effects
Tendency to better remember information presented at the beginning (primacy) or end (recency) of a message or presentation.
Primacy Effect
Primacy effect causes information presented first to have greater influence on perception and memory.
Priming
Exposure to a stimulus influences response to a subsequent related stimulus, affecting perception and decisions.
Priming Effect
Exposure to one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus, affecting perception and behavior.
Projection Bias
Assuming others share the same beliefs, emotions, or preferences as oneself.
S
7 termsSalience Bias
The tendency to focus on the most noticeable or emotionally striking information when making decisions or judgments.
Selective Perception
The tendency to interpret information in a way that confirms existing beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence.
Self-Selection Bias
Bias introduced when individuals select themselves into a group, causing the sample to be unrepresentative of the population.
Social Desirability Bias
The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others, distorting survey or interview results.
Social Proof
The influence of others' actions or opinions on an individual's beliefs or behaviors.
Sunk Cost Fallacy
Continuing a behavior or endeavor because of previously invested resources, despite new evidence suggesting it is unwise.
Survivorship Bias
Focusing on successful examples while ignoring failures, leading to distorted conclusions about reality.