Positions at a glance
Indian National Congress
The paper's syllabus is conventionally divided across several domains. The historical component covers the Aligarh Movement, the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements, the Nehru Report of 1928 and Jinnah's Fourteen Points (1929), the Round Table Conferences (1930–32), the Government of India Act, 1935, and the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The constitutional thread examines the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the abrogated constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the Constitution of 1973 and its landmark amendments — notably the Eighth Amendment (1985) inserting Article 58(2)(b), and the Eighteenth Amendment (2010) which devolved powers to the provinces and abolished the Concurrent List. Candidates must also master Pakistan's physical and economic geography, its administrative federalism, demographic profile, and pressing contemporary challenges including water security, terrorism, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and civil-military relations.
All-India Muslim League
Pakistan Affairs is a 100-mark compulsory paper in the Central Superior Services (CSS) examination conducted annually by Pakistan's Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) under Article 242 of the Constitution of 1973. The subject traces the intellectual and political genealogy of the Pakistani state from the Two-Nation Theory — articulated by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal in his Allahabad Address of 1930, and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali's coining of "Pakistan" in his 1933 pamphlet Now or Never — through the Lahore Resolution of 23 March 1940 to the partition under the Indian Independence Act, 1947. It is rooted in the ideology of Pakistan (Nazaria-e-Pakistan), which holds that Muslims of the subcontinent constituted a distinct nation entitled to a separate homeland, a doctrine reinforced by Muhammad Ali Jinnah's leadership of the All-India Muslim League.
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In CSS 2023, the FPSC set an essay-type question asking candidates to critically evaluate whether the Eighteenth Amendment (2010) genuinely strengthened Pakistani federalism by abolishing the Concurrent Legislative List.
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