Juba Peace Agreement (Sudan)

The Juba Peace Agreement was signed on 3 October 2020 in Juba, South Sudan, between Sudan's transitional government and an alliance of armed and political movements known as the Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF), along with the separate Sudan Liberation Movement faction led by Minni Minnawi. South Sudan mediated the talks, which had begun in late 2019 following the ouster of Omar al-Bashir.

The agreement is organized into several tracks reflecting Sudan's diverse conflict landscape:

• A Darfur track addressing land, displacement, transitional justice, and the return of refugees and internally displaced persons.
• Two Areas tracks covering South Kordofan and Blue Nile.
• Tracks for eastern Sudan, northern Sudan, and central Sudan, recognizing grievances beyond the traditional war zones.

Key provisions included power-sharing arrangements granting signatory movements seats in the Sovereignty Council, the cabinet, and the Transitional Legislative Council; security arrangements for integrating armed group fighters into national forces; wealth-sharing; and commitments on cooperation with the International Criminal Court regarding Darfur-related indictments, including those against al-Bashir.

Two of the most significant rebel groups did not sign: Abdelaziz al-Hilu's faction of the SPLM-North (active in South Kordofan and Blue Nile) and Abdul Wahid al-Nur's Sudan Liberation Movement faction in Darfur. A separate declaration of principles was later signed with al-Hilu in March 2021, though a comprehensive deal remained elusive.

Implementation faltered after the 25 October 2021 military coup led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, which dissolved the civilian-led transitional arrangements the agreement was built upon. Signatory movements split politically, with some figures, notably Minnawi and Jibril Ibrahim of the Justice and Equality Movement, aligning with the military. The outbreak of war between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces in April 2023 effectively suspended the agreement's substantive implementation, though signatories continue to invoke it as a legal framework for any future settlement.