--- title: "Transition and Renewal 2027 — Copenhagen | Model Diplomat" description: "Transition and Renewal: Progressive Utopias and Leftist Reorientation, 1970s–1990s is a professional conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, May 12–14, 2027." url: "https://modeldiplomat.com/conferences/professional/transition-and-renewal-progressive-utopias-and-leftist-reorientation-1970s1990s-2027" --- # Transition and Renewal: Progressive Utopias and Leftist Reorientation, 1970s–1990s May 12–14, 2027[Copenhagen, Denmark](https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1\&query=Copenhagen%2C%20Denmark)In-person [Registration open](https://socialhistoryportal.org/index.php/news/articles/312033) This conference, hosted in Copenhagen, DNK, explores the evolution of progressive and leftist movements from the nineteen seventies through the nineteen nineties. It focuses on how these movements adapted to changing political and social landscapes, examining their utopian aspirations and practical reorientations during a period of significant global transformation. The event provides a platform for scholars to discuss the intellectual and practical shifts within these political currents. ## Committees & topics - Topics New Social Movements and the Reshaping of Left-Wing Political Fields since the 1970s · Shifting Semantics of 'Progressive' since the 1970s · Left-Wing Reactions to the Resurgence of Nationalism in the 1990s · Collapse of State Socialism, Neoliberal Dominance and Left-Wing Conceptions of Progress in the 1990s · European Integration and Demands for a 'Social Europe' after 1979 · Technological Scepticism and Nostalgic Tendencies on the Left during the Long 1970s · History Workshops and the Erosion of the Utopia of Progress · Labour and Refugee Migration and Conceptions of the Future in Europe ## Why it matters Understanding the trajectory of progressive and leftist movements from the nineteen seventies to the nineteen nineties is crucial for comprehending contemporary political discourse and the challenges faced by similar movements today. This period witnessed the rise of new social movements, the decline of traditional industrial labor, and the re-evaluation of socialist and communist ideologies in the wake of global events. The conference's focus on 'progressive utopias' highlights the enduring human desire for societal improvement, while 'leftist reorientation' underscores the necessity of adaptation in the face of political and economic shifts. The discussions will shed light on how these movements navigated internal divisions, external pressures, and the complex interplay between idealism and pragmatism. By examining case studies from various countries, including those in Europe like DEU, FRA, ITA, GBR, NLD, SWE, AUT, and BEL, as well as the USA, RUS, MEX, and TUR, the conference offers a comparative perspective on the diverse experiences of the left. This historical analysis provides valuable insights into the resilience and transformation of political ideologies, offering lessons for current and future efforts to address societal inequalities and promote progressive change. ## How to prepare Delegates preparing for this conference should engage with the historical context of progressive and leftist movements during the specified decades. A strong understanding of the major political, economic, and social shifts that characterized this era, such as the rise of neoliberalism, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the emergence of environmental and feminist movements, will be essential. Consider how these broader trends influenced the internal dynamics and external strategies of leftist groups. Furthermore, participants should familiarize themselves with key theoretical debates within leftist thought during this period, including discussions around post-structuralism, identity politics, and the re-evaluation of state socialism. Analyzing specific national contexts, drawing on examples from countries such as DEU, FRA, ITA, GBR, NLD, SWE, AUT, BEL, USA, RUS, MEX, and TUR, will allow for a more nuanced understanding of the diverse experiences and adaptations of these movements. Preparing to discuss the interplay between utopian ideals and practical political action will be particularly beneficial for contributing to the conference's central themes. Consider how different groups employed various \[Engagement Strategies](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/engagement-strategies)\ to achieve their goals. ## Country perspectives Where the most-relevant 5 countries stand on the core issues in play. Click through for the full country profile. [Denmark](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [Host country for the conference, providing a European context for discussions on leftist reorientation.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [Role in topic](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [As the host nation, DNK provides a European perspective on the evolution of progressive and leftist movements, likely offering insights into social democratic traditions and their adaptations during the specified period.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Experienced significant leftist movements and reorientation, particularly post-reunification.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Role in topic](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [DEU offers a crucial case study for examining leftist reorientation, especially given its division and subsequent reunification, which profoundly impacted socialist and communist parties and their ideological frameworks.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [A hub of intellectual and political leftist thought and activism during the period.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Role in topic](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [FRA was a significant center for intellectual and political leftist movements, with debates around May and the influence of various philosophical currents shaping its progressive landscape.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Witnessed the rise of new social movements and a re-evaluation of traditional leftism.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Role in topic](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [The USA provides a distinct context for studying progressive utopias and leftist reorientation, particularly with the emergence of civil rights, anti-war, and feminist movements challenging and reshaping traditional left-wing politics.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Underwent profound systemic changes impacting global leftist discourse.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Role in topic](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [RUS, particularly with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, represents a pivotal case for understanding the crisis and reorientation of state socialism and its global implications for leftist movements.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) ## Topics & background The background behind each topic and the actors that shape it. 1 ### New Social Movements and the Reshaping of Left-Wing Political Fields since the 1970s From the late 1960s onward, Western European and North American lefts were transformed by what sociologists such as Alain Touraine, Alberto Melucci and Jürgen Habermas labelled the 'new social movements': feminism, ecology, peace and anti-nuclear activism, gay liberation, anti-racism and squatter and alternative-lifestyle milieus. Unlike the older labour movement, these mobilisations were organised less around class and production than around identity, autonomy, bodily integrity and quality of life, and they were carried disproportionately by an expanding, university-educated middle stratum. Their rise coincided with the exhaustion of the postwar Fordist compromise and the crisis of orthodox communism after 1968. Over the 1970s and 1980s these movements pushed established left parties — the SPD in West Germany, the PS in France, Labour in Britain, the PCI in Italy — to broaden their programmes beyond redistribution to include gender equality, environmental protection and democratic participation. They also generated new political vehicles, most prominently the Greens (Die Grünen, founded 1980), and fed into Eurocommunist and 'new left' currents. The result was a pluralisation of the left's social base and ideological repertoire, but also enduring tensions between class politics and identity politics that still structure left-wing political fields today. Key players - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Cradle of the Greens and a paradigmatic case of new social movements reshaping social democracy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Site of post-1968 feminist, ecological and regionalist movements influencing the Mitterrand-era left](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [Italy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [Home of Eurocommunism, autonomist movements and feminist 'second wave' that reoriented the PCI](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [New left and identity-based movements pressured Labour, especially via the GLC and municipal socialism](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Civil rights, feminist, gay liberation and environmental movements that exported repertoires of contention](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Hub of squatter, peace and ecological activism that fed into a pluralised Dutch left](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) 2 ### Shifting Semantics of 'Progressive' since the 1970s Until the 1970s, 'progressive' in transatlantic political language was largely tethered to the labour movement, social democracy and the broader Enlightenment-Marxist confidence in industrial modernisation, planning and the expansion of the welfare state. It denoted a forward-moving alliance of organised workers and reform-minded intellectuals committed to redistribution and rationalisation of society. The crises of the 1970s — stagflation, the oil shocks, ecological alarm, and the disrepute of really-existing socialism — eroded that semantic core. From the late 1970s onward, the term was increasingly attached to causes outside the classical productivist canon: feminism, anti-racism, ecology, human rights, minority recognition and, by the 1990s, market-friendly 'Third Way' modernisation under Clinton, Blair and Schröder. 'Progressive' could now describe both the cultural-liberal agenda of centre-left governments that had accepted core tenets of neoliberalism and the radical-democratic projects of social movements opposing them. By the end of the century the word had become a contested umbrella, signalling a moral orientation toward emancipation and reform while losing its earlier link to a determinate political subject or model of historical progress. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Site where 'progressive' was rehabilitated in the 1990s as a substitute for 'liberal' under Clintonian centrism](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [New Labour's 'progressive governance' redefined the term around modernisation and market-compatible reform](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [SPD and Greens negotiated competing progressive meanings between class politics and post-materialism](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Mitterrand-era socialism and the 'deuxième gauche' contested the semantic field of progrès](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [Sweden](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) [Social-democratic model whose crisis exemplified the strain on the older 'progressive' synthesis](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) 3 ### Left-Wing Reactions to the Resurgence of Nationalism in the 1990s The end of the Cold War, the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and German reunification in 1990 confronted the European and global left with a return of nationalism it had largely considered obsolete. Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and later Kosovo, violent secessionism in the Caucasus, and the rise of right-wing populist parties such as the FN in France, the FPÖ in Austria and the Lega Nord in Italy forced a reckoning with the persistence of national, ethnic and religious identities as political forces. Left responses fragmented. A liberal-internationalist current, exemplified by parts of the German, British and French left, supported humanitarian intervention in the Balkans, breaking with older anti-interventionist reflexes. A second current, sceptical of NATO and Western power, defended sovereignty and warned against new imperialism. A third reoriented toward post-national projects — European integration, cosmopolitan human rights, and multicultural citizenship — articulated theoretically by figures such as Habermas and Hobsbawm. The decade ended with the left having neither a unified diagnosis of nationalism's return nor a settled answer to the rise of the populist right that would dominate the following decades. Key players - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Reunification and Kosovo debate forced the SPD and Greens to redefine their stance on nation and intervention](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Confronted the rise of the Front National and internal divisions over republican nationhood](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Labour under Blair embraced liberal interventionism in response to Balkan nationalism](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Italy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [Faced regionalist nationalism of the Lega while the PDS rebuilt the post-communist left](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) - YUG Site of the violent ethno-nationalist disintegration that catalysed the European left's debates - [Austria](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/austria) [Rise of Haider's FPÖ symbolised the new right-wing populist challenge to the left](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/austria) 4 ### Collapse of State Socialism, Neoliberal Dominance and Left-Wing Conceptions of Progress in the 1990s The collapse of the Soviet bloc between 1989 and 1991 removed not only a geopolitical pole but a constitutive horizon for left-wing thought: even where Western socialists rejected the Soviet model, its existence had underwritten the plausibility of a non-capitalist future. The simultaneous consolidation of neoliberal hegemony — Thatcherism, Reaganomics, the Washington Consensus and the disciplining of fiscal and monetary policy through Maastricht criteria and IMF conditionality — narrowed the perceived space for alternative economic models. Francis Fukuyama's 'end of history' thesis captured a mood the left struggled to contest. Responses ranged from the 'Third Way' embrace of market mechanisms by Blair, Schröder, Clinton and parts of southern European social democracy, to attempts at radical reinvention through ecological economics, post-Marxism, and the early alter-globalisation movement that crystallised around Chiapas (1994), the MAI defeat (1998) and Seattle (1999). Conceptions of progress shifted away from linear narratives of socialised production toward more defensive registers — protecting public goods, regulating globalisation, securing human rights — and toward pluralist, ecological and democratic visions that no longer presumed a single historical subject or destination. Key players - [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Post-Soviet shock therapy embodied the collapse of the state-socialist alternative](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Anchor of neoliberal globalisation and of Clintonian Third Way recalibration](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [New Labour's modernisation became the paradigm of left adaptation to neoliberalism](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Reunification costs and Neue Mitte reshaped social-democratic conceptions of progress](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Site of intellectual resistance to la pensée unique and of the 1995 strikes against neoliberal reform](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [Mexico](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) [Zapatista uprising of 1994 catalysed a global imaginary of post-socialist left alternatives](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) 5 ### European Integration and Demands for a 'Social Europe' after 1979 The first direct elections to the European Parliament in 1979 coincided with the conservative turn embodied by Thatcher and the relaunch of integration around the single market. For much of the European left, particularly trade unions and social-democratic parties, the deepening of integration through the Single European Act (1986) and the Maastricht Treaty (1992) threatened to lock in a market-liberal model unless counterbalanced by a European social dimension. Jacques Delors, as Commission President from 1985, made 'social Europe' a programmatic slogan, pushing the 1989 Social Charter and the social protocol annexed to Maastricht. Results were partial. Directives on working time, parental leave, and worker consultation were adopted, and European-level social dialogue was institutionalised, but core areas of taxation, wages and welfare remained national, while monetary union imposed restrictive fiscal rules. The left split between Europeanists who saw integration as the only scale at which to discipline transnational capital, and sovereigntist or radical critics — strong in France, Britain, Denmark and Scandinavia — who viewed the EU as structurally biased toward liberalisation. The unresolved tension between market integration and social protection defined left-wing European debates from Maastricht through the euro crisis. Key players - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Delors-era driver of social Europe and site of recurring left-wing referendum battles](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Anchored Maastricht's stability orientation while its unions pressed for European social standards](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Thatcher-era opt-outs from the social chapter exemplified resistance to social Europe](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Italy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [Centre-left governments used European constraints to legitimise domestic reform](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) - [Denmark](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [Maastricht referendum revealed left-wing scepticism toward integration without social guarantees](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) - [Belgium](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/belgium) [Host of EU institutions and laboratory for European-level trade union mobilisation](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/belgium) 6 ### Technological Scepticism and Nostalgic Tendencies on the Left during the Long 1970s The long 1970s saw a marked rupture with the productivist optimism that had characterised much of the postwar left. The Club of Rome's Limits to Growth (1972), the oil shocks, accidents such as Seveso (1976) and Three Mile Island (1979), and the controversies over nuclear power and fast-breeder reactors generated a powerful current of scepticism toward large-scale technology. Thinkers such as André Gorz, Ivan Illich, Rudolf Bahro, E. F. Schumacher and Murray Bookchin questioned the equation of progress with industrial expansion and called for 'convivial', decentralised or ecological alternatives. This critique often took nostalgic forms: idealisations of artisanal labour, peasant communities, pre-industrial commons and local self-government. Movements against nuclear plants at Wyhl, Brokdorf, Creys-Malville and Seabrook combined ecological argument with romantic attachment to threatened landscapes and ways of life. While critics on the orthodox left accused these currents of irrationalism, they durably reshaped the left's relationship to technology, growth and time, preparing the intellectual ground for the Greens and for later debates on degrowth and sustainability. Key players - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Anti-nuclear and ecological milieus that produced Die Grünen and ecosocialist theory](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Gorz, Illich-inspired currents and anti-nuclear protests at Creys-Malville](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Counterculture, appropriate-technology and anti-nuclear movements after Three Mile Island](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Schumacher's 'small is beautiful' and a strong tradition of pastoral leftism](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Italy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [Post-Seveso environmentalism and operaista debates on technology and labour](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) 7 ### History Workshops and the Erosion of the Utopia of Progress From the late 1960s, a transnational 'history from below' movement sought to democratise historical knowledge in response to the perceived exhaustion of grand progressive narratives. Raphael Samuel's History Workshop, founded at Ruskin College in 1967, and its journal (1976) became a hub for British social history and oral history. Parallel initiatives flourished in West Germany — the Geschichtswerkstätten and 'dig where you stand' movement of the late 1970s and 1980s — in Scandinavia under Sven Lindqvist's influence, and in Italy and the Netherlands. These workshops rejected both Cold War master narratives and the technocratic optimism of postwar modernisation. They focused on workers, women, migrants, victims of fascism and local communities, often combining amateur and academic research. They expressed both a crisis of the older progressive utopia — no longer trusting a single forward arrow of history — and an attempt to ground emancipatory politics in concrete, plural and previously marginalised pasts. In doing so they contributed to the broader 'memory boom' and to the reorientation of left politics around recognition, identity and democratic participation rather than teleological progress. Key players - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Birthplace of the History Workshop movement around Ruskin College and Raphael Samuel](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Geschichtswerkstätten and barefoot historians excavating local Nazi-era and labour history](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [Sweden](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) [Lindqvist's 'Gräv där du står' inspired worker-led historical research](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) - [Italy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [Microstoria and oral history projects renewed left-wing historiography](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) - [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Active workshop and oral history scene linking academic and grassroots research](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) 8 ### Labour and Refugee Migration and Conceptions of the Future in Europe European labour migration regimes shifted dramatically across the period. The guest worker programmes recruiting from southern Europe, Turkey, the Maghreb and Yugoslavia were largely halted after the 1973 oil crisis, but family reunification and the de facto settlement of migrants turned temporary workforces into permanent multiethnic populations. From the late 1970s onward, asylum and refugee arrivals — Chileans, Vietnamese, Tamils, Kurds, Bosnians and others — added new dimensions, while the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Dublin Convention began constructing a common European migration and asylum space. These transformations destabilised inherited left and labour-movement conceptions of the future. National welfare states had been built around culturally homogeneous wage-earning citizenries; their reconfiguration in the face of postcolonial and post-Cold War migration generated competing visions: multicultural citizenship (Britain, Netherlands, Sweden), republican integration (France), guest-worker pragmatism slowly yielding to recognition (Germany), and exclusionary backlash mobilised by the new populist right. Migrant and refugee voices themselves contributed transnational, diasporic and postcolonial imaginaries of the future that increasingly shaped left thinking on solidarity, borders and belonging by the 1990s. Key players - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Largest guest-worker recipient whose Türkische-deutsche population reshaped debates on citizenship](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Postcolonial migration drove confrontations between republican and multicultural futures](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Commonwealth migration shaped early multiculturalist and anti-racist left politics](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Surinamese, Moluccan and Turkish-Moroccan migration informed a distinct multicultural model](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) - [Sweden](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) [Refugee reception from Chile, the Middle East and the Balkans tested the social-democratic welfare model](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) - [Turkey](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/turkey) [Principal sending state whose diasporic politics influenced European left debates](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/turkey) ## Resources News, lessons, and country profiles to prep for Transition and Renewal: Progressive Utopias and Leftist Reorientation, 1970s–1990s. Recent reporting to ground your prep [Trump's Legal Battles Impact 2026 Elections](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/trumps-legal-battles-and-political-influence-shape-2026-elections) [White House Prepares for 2026 Democratic Win](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/white-house-prepares-for-potential-democratic-house-win-in-2026) [Virginia Joins National Popular Vote Compact](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/virginia-joins-national-popular-vote-compact-a-game-changer) [Trump's Polling Decline Impacts 2026 Midterms](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/trumps-polling-decline-alters-2026-midterm-landscape) Lessons Bite-sized lessons to build the basics [Hidden Stakeholders](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/hidden-stakeholders) [Engagement Strategies](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/engagement-strategies) [Dynamic Analysis](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/dynamic-analysis) [Stakeholder Mapping Workshop](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/stakeholder-workshop) Courses Guided courses that go deeper on the topic [Persuasion & Influence](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/persuasion) [Advanced Negotiation](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/advanced-negotiation) [Multilateral Negotiation](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/multilateral-negotiation) [Policy Brief Writing](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/policy-brief) The states in play, with the data that shapes their stance [Denmark](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/denmark) [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [France](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/france) [Italy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/italy) [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Sweden](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/sweden) [Austria](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/austria) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/austria) [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Mexico](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) [Belgium](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/belgium) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/belgium) [Turkey](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/turkey) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/turkey) ## Frequently asked questions - - Free account Save conferences, research any topic with AI, build position papers, and keep your daily prep streak — free. 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