---
title: "Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution | Model Diplomat"
description: "The Ninth Schedule shields listed Indian laws from fundamental-rights challenge, but post-1973 entries face judicial review under the basic structure doctrine."
url: "https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/glossary/ninth-schedule"
---

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Model Diplomat Research Team · Last reviewed June 22, 2026

TL;DR

- The Ninth Schedule is a list of Indian laws, added by the First Amendment in 1951, that are shielded from challenge in courts on the ground of violating fundamental rights.
- Are all laws in the Ninth Schedule immune from judicial review?
- How does a law get placed in the Ninth Schedule?
- What is the difference between Article 31A and Article 31B?
- Why was the Ninth Schedule originally created?

[Civil Service & Diplomatic Exams](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/civil-services/glossary)Updated June 22, 2026

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## Timeline

1. 18 June 1951

   The Ninth Schedule was inserted into the Constitution of India by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, enacted on under the interim Parliament led…

2. 24 April 1973

   State of Tamil Nadu (2007), a nine-judge bench which held that any law placed in the Ninth Schedule after —the date of the Kesavananda judgment—is open to ch…

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In 1994, Parliament placed Tamil Nadu's 69 percent reservation law in the Ninth Schedule via the Seventy-sixth Amendment to shield it from challenge after the Supreme Court's 50 percent ceiling in Indra Sawhney (1992).

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