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Indian National Congress
The Lucknow Pact was concluded in December 1916 at the simultaneous Lucknow sessions of the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League, marking the high-water mark of Hindu–Muslim political cooperation in the freedom struggle. Its architects were Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah—then hailed as the "Ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity"—working alongside Congress moderates and the reunited extremist wing. The pact had two dimensions: it reunited the Congress (whose moderate and extremist factions had split at Surat in 1907, readmitting the extremists led by Tilak) and it forged, for the first time, a common Congress–League scheme of constitutional reform to present to the British in the wake of wartime expectations of self-government. The Montagu–Chelmsford era was approaching, and Indian leaders sought a united front.
All-India Muslim League
The Lucknow Pact was concluded in December 1916 at the simultaneous Lucknow sessions of the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League, marking the high-water mark of Hindu–Muslim political cooperation in the freedom struggle. Its architects were Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah—then hailed as the "Ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity"—working alongside Congress moderates and the reunited extremist wing. The pact had two dimensions: it reunited the Congress (whose moderate and extremist factions had split at Surat in 1907, readmitting the extremists led by Tilak) and it forged, for the first time, a common Congress–League scheme of constitutional reform to present to the British in the wake of wartime expectations of self-government. The Montagu–Chelmsford era was approaching, and Indian leaders sought a united front.
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In December 1916, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah secured the Lucknow Pact, with the Congress accepting separate Muslim electorates in exchange for a joint demand for self-government.
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