--- title: "Geopolitical Update 2026 — Eindhoven | Model Diplomat" description: "Geopolitical Update 2026 – From Civil Production to Military Production is a professional conference in Eindhoven, Netherlands, Jun 8, 2026." url: "https://modeldiplomat.com/conferences/professional/geopolitical-update-2026-from-civil-production-to-military-production-2026" --- # Geopolitical Update 2026 – From Civil Production to Military Production Jun 8, 2026[Eindhoven, Netherlands](https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1\&query=Eindhoven%2C%20Netherlands)In-person [Registration open](https://www.nidv.eu/en/events/46651/) The "Geopolitical Update 2026 – From Civil Production to Military Production" event, held in Eindhoven, NLD, focuses on the significant global shift from civilian-oriented manufacturing to military production. This transformation is a critical response to evolving geopolitical landscapes and heightened security concerns worldwide. The conference aims to explore the multifaceted implications of this industrial reorientation. This event serves as a crucial platform for understanding the economic, strategic, and societal impacts of this pivot. It brings together experts to discuss how nations are adapting their industrial bases to meet new defense requirements, and the challenges and opportunities that arise from such a fundamental change in production priorities. ## Committees & topics - Topics Geopolitical Developments and the Shift Toward a Militarized World Economy · International Trade in an Era of Strategic Competition · Industry and the Return of Strategic Industrial Policy · The Geopolitical Annual Trade Risk Index (GATRI) · Dual-Use Industries and the Blurring of Civil-Military Boundaries · Geopolitical Risks and the New Risk Landscape · Trade Developments and the Reorganization of Global Commerce · Strategic Resilience: Securing Supply Chains, Energy, and Critical Materials ## Why it matters The transition from civil to military production is a profound geopolitical development with far-reaching consequences. It signifies a global re-evaluation of security priorities, where national defense and strategic autonomy are increasingly influencing economic policy and industrial output. This shift can lead to significant reallocations of resources, labor, and technological innovation, impacting both domestic economies and international trade relations. Understanding this industrial transformation is vital for policymakers, industry leaders, and analysts. It sheds light on the future of global supply chains, the potential for technological advancements in defense sectors, and the implications for international stability. The event's focus on this topic underscores its relevance in a world grappling with persistent and emerging security challenges, making it a key area for informed discussion and strategic planning. Furthermore, this reorientation has implications for international cooperation and competition. As countries invest more in military production, it can alter power dynamics, create new alliances, and intensify existing rivalries. The event provides a timely opportunity to analyze these complex interactions and their potential to reshape the global order. ## How to prepare To effectively engage with the discussions at this event, participants should consider the broader context of industrial policy and its intersection with national security. A foundational understanding of how economic structures can be adapted for strategic objectives, as discussed in lessons such as "engagement-strategies" and "dynamic-analysis," will be beneficial. This includes examining the historical precedents of such industrial shifts and their long-term economic and social effects. Attendees should also prepare by researching the concept of dual-use technologies – innovations that have both civilian and military applications. Understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with converting civil production capabilities to military uses, and vice versa, will be crucial. This involves considering the technological, logistical, and ethical dimensions of such conversions. Finally, it is important to consider the various stakeholders involved in this transition, from government agencies and defense contractors to civilian industries and labor forces. Applying concepts from "what-is-stakeholder-mapping" and "hidden-stakeholders" can help in anticipating different perspectives and potential areas of collaboration or conflict. ## Country perspectives Where the most-relevant 1 countries stand on the core issues in play. Click through for the full country profile. [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [As the host nation, NLD is likely interested in the economic and security implications of this industrial shift for European stability and its own defense industry.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Role in topic](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [NLD, as a member of international defense alliances, plays a role in adapting its industrial base to meet collective security needs while balancing economic interests. The event's location in Eindhoven highlights its potential as a hub for technological and industrial innovation in this context.](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) ## Topics & background The background behind each topic and the actors that shape it. 1 ### Geopolitical Developments and the Shift Toward a Militarized World Economy Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the post-Cold War assumption that economic interdependence would dampen great-power conflict has eroded. NATO has expanded to include Finland and Sweden, defense budgets across Europe have risen above the 2% of GDP benchmark for the first time in a generation, and the United States has formalized strategic competition with China as the organizing principle of its national security policy. Parallel conflicts in Gaza, the Red Sea, the Sahel, and the South Caucasus have reinforced the perception that the international order is fragmenting into competing blocs. This fragmentation is accelerating a transition from civil to military production priorities. Governments that spent three decades optimizing supply chains for cost efficiency are now restructuring them around security, sovereignty, and surge capacity. Defense primes in the U.S. and Europe are reopening munitions lines closed after the Cold War, while China continues the fastest peacetime military buildup since 1945. The Indo-Pacific, with flashpoints around Taiwan, the South China Sea, and the Korean Peninsula, has become the second major theater of strategic concern alongside Europe. The debate today is not whether rearmament is occurring, but how durable it will be, how it will reshape industrial policy, and whether arms-control architecture — already weakened by the lapse of the INF Treaty and the suspension of New START obligations — can be rebuilt before a new arms race becomes self-sustaining. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Anchor of NATO and principal architect of strategic competition with China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Leading challenger to the U.S.-led order and fastest-growing military power](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Revisionist actor whose war in Ukraine triggered the European rearmament cycle](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Leads Europe's Zeitenwende defense spending and industrial pivot](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [Ukraine](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/ukraine) [Frontline state whose war is reshaping European defense procurement](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/ukraine) - [Taiwan](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/taiwan) [Indo-Pacific flashpoint central to semiconductor and security calculations](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/taiwan) 2 ### International Trade in an Era of Strategic Competition The rules-based trading system built around the WTO is under sustained pressure. The Appellate Body has been paralyzed since 2019, tariffs have proliferated as instruments of industrial and security policy, and major economies are openly embracing 'de-risking' from rivals. U.S.-China trade relations remain governed less by WTO commitments than by export controls on advanced semiconductors, restrictions on outbound investment, and tariffs on electric vehicles, batteries, and solar components. The EU has followed with its own anti-coercion instrument, carbon border adjustment mechanism, and countervailing duties on Chinese EVs. Meanwhile, trade flows are reorganizing along geopolitical lines. 'Friend-shoring' and 'near-shoring' have shifted manufacturing toward Mexico, Vietnam, India, and Poland, while South-South trade — particularly within BRICS+ — has expanded. Russia's pivot to Asian markets following Western sanctions has accelerated this reordering, as has the weaponization of chokepoints from the Strait of Hormuz to the Red Sea. The central question is whether the global system is bifurcating into two loosely coupled blocs or whether a more multipolar, transactional trade order is emerging in which middle powers hedge between Washington and Beijing. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Primary user of tariffs, export controls, and industrial subsidies](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [World's largest manufacturing exporter and principal target of de-risking](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [EU's industrial core, exposed to both Chinese demand and competition](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [India](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/india) [Major beneficiary of supply-chain diversification and selective hedger](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/india) - [Mexico](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) [Leading near-shoring destination under the USMCA framework](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) - [Vietnam](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/vietnam) [Key Southeast Asian node absorbing China+1 manufacturing flows](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/vietnam) 3 ### Industry and the Return of Strategic Industrial Policy Industrial policy, long out of fashion in OECD economies, has returned to the center of economic strategy. The U.S. CHIPS and Science Act and Inflation Reduction Act commit hundreds of billions of dollars to semiconductors, clean energy, and advanced manufacturing. The EU has responded with the Chips Act, the Net-Zero Industry Act, and the Critical Raw Materials Act. Japan and South Korea are subsidizing domestic fab capacity, and India is using Production-Linked Incentives to build out electronics and pharmaceuticals. The driver is not only competitiveness but security. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of just-in-time supply chains, and the war in Ukraine demonstrated that industrial base depth — particularly in munitions, energy, and basic chemicals — is a strategic asset. China's dominance in processing critical minerals, batteries, and rare earths has prompted Western governments to treat industrial capacity as a national security variable rather than a market outcome. The open question is whether parallel subsidy races will produce resilient capacity or wasteful overbuild, and whether climate-driven and security-driven industrial policies can be aligned rather than working at cross purposes. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Largest industrial subsidy program since the Cold War](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Global leader in EVs, batteries, solar, and critical-mineral processing](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Industrial heart of Europe navigating energy and competitiveness shocks](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [Japan](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/japan) [Reviving semiconductor manufacturing via Rapidus and TSMC partnerships](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/japan) - [South Korea](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/south-korea) [Memory and display leader central to allied semiconductor strategy](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/south-korea) - [India](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/india) [Scaling PLI-driven manufacturing in electronics and pharmaceuticals](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/india) 4 ### The Geopolitical Annual Trade Risk Index (GATRI) Composite indices measuring geopolitical risk to trade have proliferated as firms and ministries seek to quantify a more uncertain operating environment. Tools such as the BlackRock Geopolitical Risk Indicator, the Caldara-Iacoviello GPR index, and various private GATRI-style frameworks aggregate signals including sanctions intensity, export-control density, shipping-lane disruption, tariff escalation, and the frequency of state interventions in cross-border investment. The post-2022 environment has pushed most of these indices to multi-decade highs. The analytical challenge is that geopolitical risk is no longer episodic but structural. Sanctions regimes against Russia, Iran, and parts of China's tech sector are now permanent fixtures. Shipping disruptions in the Red Sea following Houthi attacks have rerouted a meaningful share of Europe-Asia container traffic around the Cape of Good Hope, with knock-on effects for emissions, delivery times, and inventory costs. Insurance markets, particularly Lloyd's syndicates, have repriced war-risk premiums across multiple corridors. For governments, the policy question is how to translate index signals into actionable resilience measures — stockpiling, diversification mandates, or sovereign reinsurance — without overreacting to short-term volatility. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Principal architect of the sanctions and export-control architecture priced into risk models](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Major source of supply-chain concentration risk across multiple sectors](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Largest sanctioned economy and key driver of energy and grain risk premia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) - [Iran](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/iran) [Source of regional escalation risk affecting Gulf and Red Sea trade](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/iran) - [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Hosts Lloyd's and key maritime insurance markets pricing global trade risk](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) - [Singapore](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/singapore) [Asian trade and finance hub whose flows serve as a barometer of regional risk](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/singapore) 5 ### Dual-Use Industries and the Blurring of Civil-Military Boundaries Dual-use technologies — those with both civilian and military applications — have become the central battleground of strategic competition. Semiconductors, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, biotechnology, space systems, drones, and advanced materials all fall into this category. The U.S. October 2022 and October 2023 export controls on advanced chips and lithography equipment to China marked a decisive turn toward treating compute as a strategic commodity, and the Netherlands and Japan have aligned with key elements of that regime via ASML and Tokyo Electron restrictions. Ukraine has demonstrated how commercial technologies — Starlink terminals, DJI-class drones, satellite imagery, and open-source intelligence — can be rapidly militarized. This has compressed the traditional separation between defense primes and commercial tech, forcing governments to update export-control lists, investment-screening regimes (such as CFIUS and the EU FDI framework), and research-security policies for universities and national labs. The debate now centers on how to maintain open innovation ecosystems while protecting genuinely sensitive capabilities, and how to coordinate controls multilaterally so that restrictions are not simply circumvented through third countries. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Sets the global perimeter of dual-use export controls and investment screening](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Primary target of advanced-tech controls and major dual-use producer in its own right](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Home to ASML, the chokepoint for advanced lithography equipment](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) - [Japan](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/japan) [Key supplier of semiconductor materials and equipment under aligned controls](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/japan) - [South Korea](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/south-korea) [Critical producer of memory chips central to AI and defense applications](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/south-korea) - [Israel](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/israel) [Leading source of dual-use drone, cyber, and sensor technologies](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/israel) 6 ### Geopolitical Risks and the New Risk Landscape The contemporary risk landscape is defined by the simultaneous activation of multiple, interconnected geopolitical fault lines. Europe faces a protracted war in Ukraine and the prospect of a longer confrontation with Russia regardless of how that war ends. The Middle East has seen the most intense regional escalation in decades following the October 2023 Hamas attacks and Israel's subsequent operations in Gaza and Lebanon, with direct Israel-Iran exchanges in 2024 marking a new threshold. The Indo-Pacific carries the highest-consequence tail risk through a potential Taiwan contingency. Layered on these are systemic risks: cyber operations targeting critical infrastructure, the weaponization of financial systems, climate-driven instability in vulnerable states, and the disruptive potential of generative AI in elections and information environments. The IMF and World Bank have repeatedly flagged 'geoeconomic fragmentation' as a material drag on global growth, with estimates of long-run output losses ranging from roughly 0.2% to over 7% of global GDP depending on the depth of decoupling. The core challenge for policymakers is managing correlated risks: a single escalation — in the Taiwan Strait, the Persian Gulf, or the Baltic — could simultaneously disrupt energy, semiconductors, shipping, and financial markets. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Central node in security guarantees across all three major theaters](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Key variable in Indo-Pacific stability and global supply-chain risk](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Source of acute European security risk and energy-market volatility](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) - [Iran](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/iran) [Pivot of Middle East escalation dynamics and maritime risk in the Gulf](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/iran) - [Israel](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/israel) [Central actor in current Middle East conflict trajectory](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/israel) - [North Korea](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/north-korea) [Source of nuclear and missile risk and emerging arms supplier to Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/north-korea) 7 ### Trade Developments and the Reorganization of Global Commerce Global trade is being reshaped by three concurrent forces: geopolitical fragmentation, the energy transition, and the disruption of key shipping corridors. WTO and UNCTAD data show that while overall trade volumes have remained resilient, the composition is shifting. Trade between geopolitically aligned blocs is growing faster than trade across blocs, particularly in strategic sectors such as semiconductors, batteries, and critical minerals. The China-Russia trade relationship has expanded sharply, while Western trade with China is plateauing in key categories. Maritime trade has faced unusual stress. Houthi attacks in the Red Sea have cut Suez Canal transits by more than half at points in 2024, drought has constrained the Panama Canal, and sanctions enforcement has created a large 'dark fleet' moving Russian and Iranian oil. New trade agreements — the African Continental Free Trade Area, RCEP, and the expanded CPTPP including the United Kingdom — are reshaping regional integration even as the multilateral system stagnates. The coming period will test whether trade growth can continue to decouple from globalization in its 1990s form, or whether fragmentation eventually imposes a binding cost on global output and inflation. Key players - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [World's largest goods exporter and central node in most supply chains](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Largest importer and principal shaper of trade-policy norms](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Europe's export engine and bellwether of trans-Eurasian trade health](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [Singapore](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/singapore) [Critical maritime and financial hub for Asian trade flows](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/singapore) - [Egypt](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/egypt) [Operator of the Suez Canal, directly affected by Red Sea disruptions](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/egypt) - [United Arab Emirates](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-arab-emirates) [Major reexport, energy, and logistics hub linking East and West](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-arab-emirates) 8 ### Strategic Resilience: Securing Supply Chains, Energy, and Critical Materials Strategic resilience has emerged as a unifying policy concept across OECD governments and increasingly in emerging economies. It encompasses the security of energy supplies, critical minerals, food, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and the digital and logistics infrastructure that connects them. The 2021–2023 shocks — pandemic-era shortages, the European gas crisis following the loss of Russian pipeline supply, and repeated semiconductor bottlenecks — demonstrated that efficiency-first supply chains are not robust to systemic shocks. Responses have included strategic stockpiling (notably the coordinated SPR releases by IEA members), the EU's REPowerEU plan, the U.S. Defense Production Act invocations for critical minerals, allied minerals partnerships such as the Minerals Security Partnership, and the buildout of LNG import and export capacity across the Atlantic basin. Australia, Canada, and several African and Latin American producers have become focal points for diversifying away from Chinese mineral processing dominance, which exceeds 60% globally for several key inputs to the energy transition. The policy debate centers on the appropriate balance between market mechanisms and state intervention, the cost of redundancy, and how to share resilience burdens equitably among allies and with developing producer states that supply the underlying resources. Key players - [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Drives allied resilience frameworks and large-scale industrial reshoring](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) - [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Dominant processor of critical minerals and key supplier to be diversified from](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) - [Australia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/australia) [Major supplier of lithium, rare earths, and other critical minerals to allies](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/australia) - [Canada](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/canada) [Key partner in North American critical-minerals and energy security](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/canada) - [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Test case for European resilience after the loss of Russian gas](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) - [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/drc) [Holds dominant global reserves of cobalt central to battery supply chains](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/drc) ## Resources News, lessons, and country profiles to prep for Geopolitical Update 2026 – From Civil Production to Military Production. Recent reporting to ground your prep [India, South Korea Forge Five-Year Plan](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/india-south-korea-forge-five-year-plan) [Frank Garcia Takes Over Africa Desk](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/frank-garcia-takes-over-africa-desk) [AMVCA 2026](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/amvca-2026-lagos-hosts-a-cultural-power-shift-in-nollywood) [China's Atemoya Pledge Exposes Taiwan's Trap](https://modeldiplomat.com/story/chinas-atemoya-pledge-exposes-taiwans-trap) Lessons Bite-sized lessons to build the basics [Hidden Stakeholders](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/hidden-stakeholders) [Engagement Strategies](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/engagement-strategies) [Dynamic Analysis](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/dynamic-analysis) [Stakeholder Mapping Workshop](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/lessons/stakeholder-workshop) Courses Guided courses that go deeper on the topic [Advanced Negotiation](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/advanced-negotiation) [Multilateral Negotiation](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/multilateral-negotiation) [Policy Brief Writing](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/policy-brief) [Conflict Resolution](https://modeldiplomat.com/learn/courses/conflict-resolution) The states in play, with the data that shapes their stance [Netherlands](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/netherlands) [United States](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-states) [China](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/china) [Russia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/russia) [Germany](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/germany) [Ukraine](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/ukraine) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/ukraine) [Taiwan](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/taiwan) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/taiwan) [India](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/india) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/india) [Mexico](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/mexico) [Vietnam](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/vietnam) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/vietnam) [Japan](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/japan) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/japan) [South Korea](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/south-korea) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/south-korea) [Iran](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/iran) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/iran) [United Kingdom](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-kingdom) [Singapore](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/singapore) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/singapore) [Israel](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/israel) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/israel) [North Korea](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/north-korea) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/north-korea) [Egypt](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/egypt) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/egypt) [United Arab Emirates](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-arab-emirates) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/united-arab-emirates) [Australia](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/australia) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/australia) [Canada](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/canada) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/canada) [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/drc) [Country dossier](https://modeldiplomat.com/country/drc) ## Frequently asked questions - - - Free account Save conferences, research any topic with AI, build position papers, and keep your daily prep streak — free. 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